Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Integrated Physiology > FINAL EXAM: Unit 4 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the pathway of blood in the heart (start at right atrium)

A
  1. right atrium (low O2)
  2. tricuspid valve
  3. right ventricle
  4. pulmonary semilunar valve
  5. pulmonary trunk
  6. pulmonary arteries (low O2)
  7. lungs
  8. pulmonary veins (high O2)
  9. left atrium
  10. bicuspid valve
  11. left ventricle
  12. aortic valve
  13. aorta (high O2)
  14. systemic tissues
  15. inferior & superior vena cave (low O2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what two factors lead to flow?

A

pressure (+)
resistance (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what three factors lead to resistance?

A

length (+)
viscosity (+)
radius (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what two factors lead to velocity?

A

flow rate (+)
area (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what two factors lead to MAP (mean arterial pressure)?

A

CO (+)
resistance (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what two factors lead to cardiac output?

A

HR (+)
stroke volume (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens to SV when force of contraction increases?

A

SV increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does phospholambin do to SV?

A

increases SV
-positive ionotropic agent (increases force of contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the equation for SV?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what three factors lead to EDV / venous return?

A

skeletal pump (+)
respiratory pump (+)
sympathetic NS - alpha (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the equation for ejection fraction?

A

EF = SV / EDV * 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS do to HR?

A

decreases HR
-ACh (musc -> hyper)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the sympathetic NS do to HR?

A

increases HR
-NE (beta1 -> depo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is preload and afterload?

A

preload: stretch heart must overcome to fill with flood
afterload: force needed to push blood to the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens to force when you increase sarcomere length?

A

increases force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens during the depolarization phase in a cardiac contractile cell AP?

A

Na+ entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens during the peak of the cardiac contractile cell AP?

A

K+ exits
Ca2+ entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens during the repolarization phase of cardiac contractile cell AP?

A

Ca2+ channels close
K+ exits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens during the depolarization phase in a cardiac autorhythmic cell AP?

A

I(f) channels open
Na+ entry
Ca2+ entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens during the repolarization phase in a cardiac autorhythmic cell AP?

A

K+ exits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the electrical conduction pathway in the heart

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. AV bundle (AV delay)
  4. bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibers (bottom to top)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is happening during the P wave in an ECG?

A

atrial depolarization
SA node fires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is happening during the QRS wave in an ECG?

A

ventricle depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is happening during the T wave in an ECG?

A

ventricle repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is happening during the PR segment? ST segment?

A

PR: atria contract, AV delay
ST: ventricle contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the five phases in the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. active filling
  2. isovolumic ventricle contraction
  3. ventricular ejection
  4. isovolumic ventricle relaxation
  5. passive filling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is happening during active filling? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)

A

atria contract
ventricle relax
AV open
SL closed
ventricle volume increases
pressure same

EDV MEASUREMENT

29
Q

what is happening during isovolumic ventricle contraction? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)

A

atria relax
ventricle contract
AV & SL closed (lub)
volume same
pressure increases

30
Q

what is happening during ventricle ejection? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)

A

atria relax
ventricle contract
AV close
SL open
volume decreases
pressure decreases

31
Q

what is happening during isovolumic ventricle relaxation? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)

A

atria & ventricle relax
AV & SL closed (dub)
volume same
pressure decreases

32
Q

what is happening during passive filling? (what contracts, aorta valve, semilunar valve, volume, pressure)

A

atria & ventricle relax
AV open
SL closed
volume increases
pressure same

33
Q

what is an artery?

A

all types
-thickest
-blood AWAY from heart
-pressure reservior

34
Q

what is an arteriole?

A

endothelium & smooth muscle
-main site of regulation
-contain a precapillary sphincter

35
Q

what is a capillary?

A

endothelium
-leaky (pericytes increase leakiness)
-smallest -> lowest velocity

36
Q

what is a venule?

A

endothelium & fibrous tissue

37
Q

what is a vein?

A

all types
-valves for 1-way flow
-majority
-low pressure
-blood TO the heart
-volume reservoir

38
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the strength of blood moving through vessels
120/80 (systolic/diastolic)

39
Q

what is the equation for pulse pressure?

A

systole - diastole

40
Q

what happens to BP when MAP increases?

A

BP increases

41
Q

what is the equation for MAP?

A

diastole + 1/3 (pulse pressure)

42
Q

what happens to BP when blood volume increases?

A

BP increases

43
Q

how do you fix a high BP?

A

vasodilation to decrease MAP

44
Q

what are vasoconstrictors for BP?

A

NE (alpha)
vasopressin/ADH
angiotension 2

leads to a decrease in BP

45
Q

what are vasodilators for BP?

A

E (beta2)
NO
low O2 = high CO2
histamine
natriuretic peptides (ANP)

leads to an increase in BP

46
Q

what is the difference b/w active and reactive hyperemia?

A

active: increase flow due to increased metabolism
reactive: increase flow due to occulsion

47
Q

what is the pathway for the baroreceptor reflex? (low BP)

A
  1. low BP
  2. decrease firing rate of baroreceptor
  3. sensory neurons
  4. CVCC in medulla oblongata
  5. increase symp (alpha) activity, decrease parasym activity
  6. constriction
  7. increase BP
48
Q

what is the difference between continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries?

A

continuous: majority, only pass solutes & gases & glucose
fenestrated: can pass more fluid
sinusoid: can pass proteins and cells

49
Q

what is the difference b/w diffusion and transcytosis?

A

diffusion: small solutes move w/ conc. gradient
transcytosis: large solutes move by vesicular transport

50
Q

what two forces make up bulk flow? describe them

A

hydrostatic pressure: pressure on walls, FILTRATION, push fluids out of blood, high on arterial end, (+)

colloid osmotic pressure: plasma proteins, ABSORPTION, keep fluids in blood, high on venous end, constant # (-)

51
Q

what is edema? how does the lymphatic system impact edema?

A

swelling, net filtration
-lymph system returns fluid that is lost at capillaries

52
Q

describe the role of the plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin)

A

albumins: majority, lead to colloid osmotic pressure
globulins: antibodies, protein carries, clotting factors
fibrinogen: fibrin threads, clot formation
transferrin: transports iron

53
Q

what is anemia?

A

decreased O2 carrying capacity
-fewer RBCs

54
Q

what leads to hematopoiesis of white blood cells?

A

interleukins & colony-stimulating factors

55
Q

describe the role of the white blood cell types (lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)

A

lymphocyte: T & B cells, immune response
monocyte: turn into macrophages, phagocytic
neutrophil: majority, mobile, first to arrive at site
basophil: histamine granules, allergy response
eosinophil: parasitic infections, allergy response

56
Q

what are the precursors for RBCs?

A

erthyroblast: nucleus
reticulocyte: no nucleus

57
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

carries O2
-4 peptide chains (alpha, beta)
-contains heme group (iron)

58
Q

describe the hemotopoiesis of RBCs (erthropoietin)

A
  1. low O2
  2. EPO release by kidney
  3. goes to bone marrow
  4. increases RBC production
  5. increases hemoglobin
  6. increases O2
59
Q

what is the precursor for platelets?

A

megakaryocytes
-NO NUCLEUS

60
Q

what is the process of hemostasis?

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. platelet plug
  3. coagulation
61
Q

what is the platelet plug pathway?

A
  1. exposed collagen
  2. activates platelets
  3. release factors that have positive feedback on the pathway
62
Q

what are the functions of the factors released in the platelet plug pathway? (platelet activating factor, van willibrand factor, thromboxane A2)

A

platelet activating factor: activate platelets
van willibrand factor: adhere platelets
thromboxane A2: activate platelets

63
Q

what two things stop the platelet plug pathway?

A

stop adherence
-prostacylin, NO

64
Q

describe the coagulation cascade

A
  1. INTRINSIC: exposed collagen -> factor 12
  2. EXTRINSIC: damage -> factor 3 -> factor 7
  3. factor 10
  4. prothrombin -> thrombin
  5. fibrinogen -> fibrin
  6. factor 13
65
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

removal of the clot
-plasminogen -> plasmin (TPA)

66
Q

what is thrombopoietin?

A

hematopoiesis of platelets
-in the liver

67
Q

what is the process of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell?

A

uncommitted cell -> progenitor cell

68
Q

what is the difference b/w red and yellow marrow?

A

red: hematopoiesis, red color from hemoglobin
yellow: no hematopoiesis, high fat levels

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions