Exam 3: Chapter 11

Question 1

what are the two subtypes in the efferent division?

Answer 1

autonomic NS (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose)
somatic NS (skeletal muscle)

Question 2

what are the two subtypes in the autonomic NS?

Answer 2

sympathetic (fight or flight)
parasympathetic (rest & digest)

Question 3

describe the preganglia for the sympathetic NS. What is the length, location, and what NT do they release?

Answer 3

-length: short
-location: thoracic & lumbar region of spinal cord
-release: ACh

Question 4

describe the location of the autonomic ganglia for the sympathetic NS?

Answer 4

closer to the spinal cord

Question 5

describe the postganglia for the sympathetic NS. What is the length and what NT do they release?

Answer 5

length: long
release: NE

Question 6

describe the preganglia for the parasympathetic NS. What is the length, location, and what NT do they release?

Answer 6

length: long
location: brainstem & sacral regions of SC
release: ACh

Question 7

describe the location of the autonomic ganglia for the parasympathetic NS?

Answer 7

closer to the effectors

Question 8

describe the postganglia for the parasympathetic NS. What is the length and what NT do they release?

Answer 8

length: short
release: ACh

Question 9

what type of receptors do the preganglia use for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?

Answer 9

cholinergic
-bind to nicotinic receptors, N(N)
-ionotropic (ligand-gated)

Question 10

what type of receptors do the postganglia use for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?

Answer 10

sympathetic: adrenergic, bind to alpha and beta receptors

parasympathetic: cholinergic, bind to muscarinic receptors
-metabotropic (GPCR)

Question 11

what is dual innervation?

Answer 11

organ is receiving info from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS in an antagonistic control
-sym: increases HR
-parasym: decreases HR

Question 12

what are the three exceptions to dual innervation?

Answer 12

-sweat glands (SYMP)
-adrenal medulla (SYMP)
-blood vessels (SYMP): has different receptors for different effects

Question 13

what is cooperation?

Answer 13

the symp and parasymp working together instead of against eachother
-only in GENITALS

Question 14

what is the neuroeffector junction?

Answer 14

synapse b/w postgang cell & effector
-end in varicosities (instead of an axon terminal)

Question 15

what are varicosities?

Answer 15

swellings that contain and release NT (NE, ACh)
-makes the NT, no axonal transport

Question 16

what are the steps at the neuroeffector junction?

Answer 16

1. AP arrives at varicosity
2. depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
3. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of vesicles
4. NT binds to receptor on target
5. activation of receptor stops when NT diffuses out of synapse, reuptaked by nearby cells, or broken down by enzymes

Question 17

what two types of enzymes break down NTs at the neuroeffector junction?

Answer 17

MAO: breaks down NE
acetylcholinesterase: breaks down ACh
-both work as indirect antagonists

Question 18

what are the two alpha receptors? what are each used for?

Answer 18

alpha1: majority
alpha2: digestive tract, insulin secretion

Question 19

what are the two beta receptors? what are each used for?

Answer 19

beta1: heart (equal sensitivity to E & NE)
beta2: bronchioles (more sensitive to E than NE)

Question 20

whats special about the adrenal medulla?

Answer 20

type of chromaffin cell that lacks axons and secretes E directly into the blood
-neural tissue with no postganglia!

Question 21

what is a direct agonist and antagonist?

Answer 21

combines with target receptor to mimic or block NT action

Question 22

what is an indirect agonist and antagonist?

Answer 22

alters secretion, reuptake, or degradation of NT

Question 23

HEART

Answer 23

symp (beta1): increase HR, increase force of contraction

parasymp: decrease HR

Question 24

BLOOD VESSELS

Answer 24

symp (alpha & beta2)
-alpha = vasoconstriction
-beta2= skeletal muscle dilation

NO PARASYMP

Question 25

BRONCHIOLES

Answer 25

symp (beta2): dilation

parasymp: constriction

Question 26

DIGESTIVE TRACT MOTILITY & SECRETIONS

Answer 26

symp (alpha 2): decrease tract motility, decrease secretions

parasymp: increase tract motility & secretions

Question 27

BLADDER

Answer 27

symp (alpha1): retention, relax

parasymp: constrict, empty

Question 28

PUPIL

Answer 28

symp (alpha1): dialation

parasymp: constriction

Question 29

CILIARY MUSCLE (lens)

Answer 29

symp (alpha1): relax, flat

parasymp: contracted, round

Question 30

SWEAT GLANDS

Answer 30

symp (alpha1): increase secretion

NO PARASYMP

Question 31

ADIPOSE TISSUE

Answer 31

symp (alpha): breakdown tissue, increase FA release

NO PARASYMP

Question 32

ADRENAL MEDULLA

Answer 32

symp (no receptor): secrete E, increase fight or flight

NO PARASYMP

Question 33

INSULIN SECRETION

Answer 33

symp (alpha2): decrease secretion

parasymp: increase secretion

Question 34

GENITALS

Answer 34

symp (alpha1): orgasm, ejaculation

parasymp: erection

Question 35

whats different about the somatic NS compared to the autonomic NS?

Answer 35

only 1 neuron b/w CNS and skeletal muscle

Question 36

what is the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 36

synapse b/w somatic motor neuron and muscle fiber

Question 37

what is the motor end plate?

Answer 37

folded region on muscle fiber that has ACh receptors
-uses nicotinic receptors N(M)

Question 38

steps of the neuromuscular junction

Answer 38

1. AP reaches terminal to open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
2. ACh released from neuron
3. ACh moves across synapse and binds N(M) receptor
4. receptor opens ligand-gated ion channels
5. Na+ & K+ entry lead to a depolarization in muscle cell (NET Na+)
6. APs sent along muscle cell
7. contraction