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Integrated Physiology > Exam 1 (Chapters 1 & 5) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Chapters 1 & 5) Flashcards

1
Q

what two fluids are found in the ECF?

A

plasma, interstitial fluid

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2
Q

what fluid is found in the ICF?

A

cytosol

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3
Q

what three ions are high in the ECF?
what two ions are high in the ICF?

A

ECF: Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
ICF: K+, A- (lg. anions)

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4
Q

which type of control, local or long distance, involves the nervous and endocrine system?

A

long distance control

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5
Q

what does the feedback loop do?

A

modulate the response loop to stop it from getting out of range

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6
Q

which type of feedback, (+) or (-), is homeostatic? which one is the majority of feedback loops?

A

(-) feedback is homeostatic and is the majority

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7
Q

what does (-) feedback do to the initial stimulus?

A

opposes / deceases the response of the initial stimulus

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8
Q

what does (+) feedback do the initial stimulus? what is the common example?

A

enhances / increases the response of the initial stimulus
-carries it further away from homeostasis
-OXYTOCIN!

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9
Q

what is feedforward control?

A

predicts change and gets ahead of the problem
-starts a response loop prior to the stimulus

sight/smell of food -> watery mouth, increase of stomach acid
exercise -> increase O2 before the deficit

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10
Q

how do circadian rhythms (biorhythms) control hormones?

A

they have repeatable / predictable day & night cycles
-decrease in body temp. late at night

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11
Q

how does acclimatization and acclimation control hormones? what is the difference b/w the two?

A

adaptation of physiological processes due to environmental conditions
-moving to a place w/ higher altitude causing the set point of RBC numbers in blood to change

ACCLIMATIZATION: natural setting
ACCLIMATION: artificial, lab setting

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12
Q

what is osmotic equilibrium?

A

fluid conc. are the same in ICF & ECF (both 300mOsM)
-no net movement
-body is normally in osmotic equilibrium

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13
Q

what is chemical disequilibrium?

A

ICF & ECF having different concentrations of ions
-ECF: high in Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
-ICF: high in K+, A-

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14
Q

what is electrical disequilibrium?

A

different distribution of charges in ICF & ECF
-ECF: slightly positive (cations)
-ICF: slightly negative (anions)

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15
Q

what is osmosis?

A

movement of water across the membrane
-moves in response to a concentration / solute gradient
-water moves to HIGHER concentration

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16
Q

what is osmotic pressure? what is it comparing?

A

pressure that opposes the movement of water by osmosis
-comparative number
-STOPS water movement through pressure

compares SOLUTIONS

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17
Q

what is osmolarity?

A

number of particles per liter (OsM/L)

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18
Q

what is molarity?

A

number of moles per liter (M)

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19
Q

which ion dissociates? which two don’t dissociate?

A

NaCl dissociates (1M -> 2mOsM)
Urea & Glucose do NOT dissociate (1M -> 1mOsM)

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20
Q

what does tonicity compare?

A

comparing solution to cell volume
-no unit!

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21
Q

which one is reciprocal, tonicity or osmolarity?

A

osmolarity
-can compare solution A to solution B and can compare B to A

Tonicity: can only compare solution to cell

22
Q

what does isosmotic mean?

A

same number of particles

23
Q

what does hyperosmotic mean? which is higher, ICF or ECF?

A

one solution has a greater number of particles
-ECF is higher in particles

24
Q

what does hyposmotic mean? which is higher, ICF or ECF?

A

one solution has fewer number of particles
-ICF is higher in particles

25
Q

what is constant value in mOsM of the ICF? is it always penetrating or nonpenetrating?

A

300mOsM
-nonpenetrating

26
Q

what does isotonic mean?

A

no net gain / loss of H2O in the cell

27
Q

what does hypotonic mean? which direction does water move?

A

cell swells / gains H2O
-water moves INTO cell (ICF-NP is bigger)

28
Q

what does hypertonic mean? which direction does water move?

A

cell shrinks / loses H2O
-water moves OUT of cell (ECF-NP is bigger)

29
Q

what are penetrating solutes? what is the common penetrating solute?

A

the freely diffuse across the plasma membrane
-NO water movement needed

UREA

30
Q

what are nonpenetrating solutes? what are the two common nonpenetrating solutes?

A

cannot cross plasma membrane freely (TRAPPED)
-needs water to move it

NaCl, GLUCOSE

31
Q

what is the exception to the rule: “osmolarity does NOT predict tonicity”?

A

a hyposmotic solution can predict a hypotonic cell
-when ICF-NP is bigger than ECF-NP, water always moves IN

32
Q

T/F, the body is electrically neutral?

A

TRUE
-body electrically neutral (for every cation, there is a matching anion) but ions not equally distributed

33
Q

what is a conductor?

A

the material in which attracted ions can move through freely
-WATER

34
Q

what is an insulator?

A

the material in which attracted ions CANNOT move through freely
-ion movement is stopped due to the phospholipid bilayer

35
Q

what are three law of conservation factors that lead to a resting membrane potential?

A

-opposite charges attract
-like charges repel
-separating attracted charges requires energy

36
Q

what does the term “RESTING” mean? what about “POTENTIAL”?

A

resting: normal steady homeostatic state
potential: charge difference
-comes from difference in charge or concentration
-stored in electrochemical gradient

37
Q

what are potassium (K+) leak channels?

A

always opened (non-gated) channels that allow K+ out of the cell in small amounts
-makes ICF more (-) and ECF more (+)

38
Q

what gradient drives K+ leak channels? what ions attract and repel K+ to keep the ICF & ECF regulated?

A

electrochemical gradient (electrical and chemical gradient)
-attracted to A- in the ICF
-repelled by Na+ in the ECF

39
Q

what three things make the resting membrane potential?

A

Na+/K+ pump
K+ leak channels
A- in the ICF

40
Q

how does the Na+/K+ pump create the RMP?

A

3 Na+ OUT
2 K+ IN
-makes ECF more (+), ICF more (-)

41
Q

how do K+ leak channels create the RMP?

A

K+ exits ICF making the ECF more (+), ICF more (-)

42
Q

how do A- (anions) create the RMP?

A

creates a more negative ICF

43
Q

which has a bigger impact on the RMP, K+ or Na+? why?

A

K+
-the equilibrium potential for K+ is closer to K+ than Na+

E(Na) = +60mV
E(K) = -90mV
RMP = -70mV

44
Q

what is equilibrium potential?

A

the potential to stop movement

45
Q

what is depolarization do to the RMP?

A

makes the membrane potential more (+)

46
Q

what two things leads to a depolarization of the cell?

A

opening Na+ channels
removing K+ leak channels (traps K+ in the cell)

47
Q

what is hyperpolarization do to the RMP?

A

makes the membrane potential more (-)

48
Q

what two things lead to a hyperpolarization of the cell?

A

opening Cl- channels
opening K+ channels

49
Q

what is repolarization?

A

returning back to the resting RMP (-70mV)

50
Q

when are beta cells at rest? (glucose, ATP, K+ channels, insulin secretion)

A

glucose is low
ATP is low
K+ channels are open
insulin NOT released

51
Q

what is the sequence of events that occurs when beta cells are active?

A

glucose is HIGH

1) aerobic respiration generates lots of ATP
2) ATP closes K+ channels (leads to depolarization)
3) Ca2+ voltage-gated channel opens and Ca2+ enters cells
4) the Ca2+ intracellular signal causes the exocytosis / release of insulin hormone by beta cells

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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