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Integrated Physiology > Exam 5: Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Exam 5: Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what does high resistance do to flow?

A

decrease flow

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2
Q

what things does bronchoconstriction in the respiratory system?

A

parasymp
-histamine, leukotrienes

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3
Q

what things does bronchodialiation in the respiratory system?

A

symp (E -> beta2)
low O2, high CO2

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4
Q

what happens to flow when we increase pressure?

A

flow increases

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5
Q

what happens to the diameter as we go down the respiratory tract? how about the number of tubules? area? velocity?

A

diameter increases
number of tubules increases
area increases
velocity decreases (easier for diffusion)

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6
Q

what is a conducting system in the respiratory system?

A

moves air from outside to the alveoli

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7
Q

what are alevoli?

A

site of exchange with the blood
-single layer of epithelium

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8
Q

what are type 1 alveoli?

A

majority!
gas exchange (diffusion)
thin

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9
Q

what are type 2 alveoli?

A

synthesize and secrete surfactant

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10
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

muscle at the floor of the thoracic cavity
-changes shape of the thoracic cavity when it contracts & relaxes

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11
Q

what are the intercostal muscles?

A

connect at the ribs (internal and external)

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12
Q

what are the sternocleidomastoids?

A

attach to the sternum

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13
Q

what are scalenes?

A

attach to the two top ribs

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14
Q

what are pleural sacs?

A

double-walled pleura that enclose the lungs

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15
Q

what are the three layers of a pleura?

A

visceral pleura = lines lungs (INNER)
pleural fluid
parietal pleura = attaches to thoracic wall (OUTER)

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16
Q

what are three characteristics of the respiratory system?

A

warm
humid (100% humidity)
filter

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17
Q

what two things help filter out foreign material in the respiratory system?

A

ciliated epithelial
mucus

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18
Q

what is Dalton’s Law?

A

if we know the % of gases in the mixture, we know their partial pressures
EX: O2 is 21% and atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg
O2 partial pressure = 160mmHg

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19
Q

what is Boyle’s Law?

A

if size/volume changes, pressure of gas changes

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20
Q

what happens to pressure if volume increases?

A

pressure decreases

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21
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

volume of air that moves during a simple inspiration or expiration

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22
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

additional volume of inspire above the tidal volume

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23
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration

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24
Q

what is residual volume?

A

volume of air in respiratory system after maximum exhalation

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25
what is vital capacity?
IRV + ERV + VT
26
what is total lung capacity?
VC + RV
27
what is inspiratory capacity?
TV + IRV
28
what is functional residual capacity?
ERV + RV
29
what is inspiration?
air from the environment going into the alveoli
30
what happens to volume and pressure during inspiration?
volume increases pressure decreases
31
is the diaphragm contracted or relaxed during inspiration?
contracted -pulled down and away
32
is pressure higher in the lungs or environment during inspiration?
pressure is higher in the environment
33
what are the three muscles inspiration uses?
external intercostals sternocleidomastoids scalenes
34
what is quiet breathing?
inspiratory muscles contracted expiratory muscles are relaxed -respiration at rest
35
what happens to volume and pressure during expiration?
volume decreases pressure increases
36
is pressure higher in the lungs or the environment during expiration?
lungs
37
what two muscles does expiration use?
internal intercostals abdominal muscles
38
what is active breathing?
expiratory muscles are contracted inspiratory muscles are contracted with more force -occurs during exercise or when breathing is forced
39
what is subatmospheric pleural pressure?
keeps lungs inflated and pushed against thoracic wall -never equals atmospheric pressure
40
what is a pneumothorax?
hole that allows air to enter from atmosphere into pleural space
41
what happens to intrapleural pressure during inspiration and expiration?
inspiration: pressure decreases expiration: pressure increases
42
what is lung compliance?
measures how easily the lungs inflate/stretch
43
what does high compliance mean?
stretches easily, fills with air easily
44
what does low compliance mean?
requires more force to fill, allows it to return to OG shape
45
what is elastance?
how well the lungs recoil
46
what is surfactant?
reduces the surface tension in the lungs -surfactant stops the clumping of water -made out of a mixture of proteins and phospholipids
47
what is the equation for total pulmonary ventiliation?
breathing rate (breaths/min) * tidal volume (mL/breath)
48
what is the equation for alveolar ventilation?
breathing rate * (tidal volume - dead space)
49
what is the dead space?
the air that isn't reached by the alveoli
50
what is the maximum voluntary ventilation?
breathing as deeply and quickly as possible -increases breathing rate and tidal volume
51
what do the capillaries do when their nearby alveoli don't get air? why?
they collapse -divert blood to the alveoli that are getting air -tries to match ventilation and alveolar blood flow
52
what happens to the capillaries at rest?
gravity causes the lower alveoli to get air -upper capillaries collapse
53
what happens to the capillaries during exercise?
none are collapsed
54
what molecule drives the collapsing of capillaries?
CO2
55
what is auscultation?
listening to breathing sounds to assess pulmonary function -measure lung volumes
56
what are obstructive lung diseases due to?
decreased airflow is due to increases resistance
57
what are restrictive lung diseases due to?
decreased airflow is due to decreased lung compliance -harder to inflate lungs -due to fibrotic tissues & inadequate surfactant
58
what is the forced vital capacity test? (FVC)
measures volume and speed of air leaving
59
why is the FEV1 and FVC ratio important?
determines which type of lung disease it is
60
which type of lung disease has a lower FEV1 compared to FVC?
obstructive
61
which type of lung disease has FEV1 and FVC decreasing by the same amount?
restrictive

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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