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Integrated Physiology > Exam 5: Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Exam 5: Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what does high resistance do to flow?

A

decrease flow

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2
Q

what things does bronchoconstriction in the respiratory system?

A

parasymp
-histamine, leukotrienes

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3
Q

what things does bronchodialiation in the respiratory system?

A

symp (E -> beta2)
low O2, high CO2

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4
Q

what happens to flow when we increase pressure?

A

flow increases

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5
Q

what happens to the diameter as we go down the respiratory tract? how about the number of tubules? area? velocity?

A

diameter increases
number of tubules increases
area increases
velocity decreases (easier for diffusion)

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6
Q

what is a conducting system in the respiratory system?

A

moves air from outside to the alveoli

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7
Q

what are alevoli?

A

site of exchange with the blood
-single layer of epithelium

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8
Q

what are type 1 alveoli?

A

majority!
gas exchange (diffusion)
thin

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9
Q

what are type 2 alveoli?

A

synthesize and secrete surfactant

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10
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

muscle at the floor of the thoracic cavity
-changes shape of the thoracic cavity when it contracts & relaxes

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11
Q

what are the intercostal muscles?

A

connect at the ribs (internal and external)

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12
Q

what are the sternocleidomastoids?

A

attach to the sternum

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13
Q

what are scalenes?

A

attach to the two top ribs

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14
Q

what are pleural sacs?

A

double-walled pleura that enclose the lungs

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15
Q

what are the three layers of a pleura?

A

visceral pleura = lines lungs (INNER)
pleural fluid
parietal pleura = attaches to thoracic wall (OUTER)

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16
Q

what are three characteristics of the respiratory system?

A

warm
humid (100% humidity)
filter

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17
Q

what two things help filter out foreign material in the respiratory system?

A

ciliated epithelial
mucus

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18
Q

what is Dalton’s Law?

A

if we know the % of gases in the mixture, we know their partial pressures
EX: O2 is 21% and atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg
O2 partial pressure = 160mmHg

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19
Q

what is Boyle’s Law?

A

if size/volume changes, pressure of gas changes

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20
Q

what happens to pressure if volume increases?

A

pressure decreases

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21
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

volume of air that moves during a simple inspiration or expiration

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22
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

additional volume of inspire above the tidal volume

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23
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration

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24
Q

what is residual volume?

A

volume of air in respiratory system after maximum exhalation

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25
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

IRV + ERV + VT

26
Q

what is total lung capacity?

A

VC + RV

27
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

A

TV + IRV

28
Q

what is functional residual capacity?

A

ERV + RV

29
Q

what is inspiration?

A

air from the environment going into the alveoli

30
Q

what happens to volume and pressure during inspiration?

A

volume increases
pressure decreases

31
Q

is the diaphragm contracted or relaxed during inspiration?

A

contracted
-pulled down and away

32
Q

is pressure higher in the lungs or environment during inspiration?

A

pressure is higher in the environment

33
Q

what are the three muscles inspiration uses?

A

external intercostals
sternocleidomastoids
scalenes

34
Q

what is quiet breathing?

A

inspiratory muscles contracted
expiratory muscles are relaxed
-respiration at rest

35
Q

what happens to volume and pressure during expiration?

A

volume decreases
pressure increases

36
Q

is pressure higher in the lungs or the environment during expiration?

A

lungs

37
Q

what two muscles does expiration use?

A

internal intercostals
abdominal muscles

38
Q

what is active breathing?

A

expiratory muscles are contracted
inspiratory muscles are contracted with more force
-occurs during exercise or when breathing is forced

39
Q

what is subatmospheric pleural pressure?

A

keeps lungs inflated and pushed against thoracic wall
-never equals atmospheric pressure

40
Q

what is a pneumothorax?

A

hole that allows air to enter from atmosphere into pleural space

41
Q

what happens to intrapleural pressure during inspiration and expiration?

A

inspiration: pressure decreases
expiration: pressure increases

42
Q

what is lung compliance?

A

measures how easily the lungs inflate/stretch

43
Q

what does high compliance mean?

A

stretches easily, fills with air easily

44
Q

what does low compliance mean?

A

requires more force to fill, allows it to return to OG shape

45
Q

what is elastance?

A

how well the lungs recoil

46
Q

what is surfactant?

A

reduces the surface tension in the lungs
-surfactant stops the clumping of water
-made out of a mixture of proteins and phospholipids

47
Q

what is the equation for total pulmonary ventiliation?

A

breathing rate (breaths/min) * tidal volume (mL/breath)

48
Q

what is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

breathing rate * (tidal volume - dead space)

49
Q

what is the dead space?

A

the air that isn’t reached by the alveoli

50
Q

what is the maximum voluntary ventilation?

A

breathing as deeply and quickly as possible
-increases breathing rate and tidal volume

51
Q

what do the capillaries do when their nearby alveoli don’t get air? why?

A

they collapse
-divert blood to the alveoli that are getting air
-tries to match ventilation and alveolar blood flow

52
Q

what happens to the capillaries at rest?

A

gravity causes the lower alveoli to get air
-upper capillaries collapse

53
Q

what happens to the capillaries during exercise?

A

none are collapsed

54
Q

what molecule drives the collapsing of capillaries?

A

CO2

55
Q

what is auscultation?

A

listening to breathing sounds to assess pulmonary function
-measure lung volumes

56
Q

what are obstructive lung diseases due to?

A

decreased airflow is due to increases resistance

57
Q

what are restrictive lung diseases due to?

A

decreased airflow is due to decreased lung compliance
-harder to inflate lungs
-due to fibrotic tissues & inadequate surfactant

58
Q

what is the forced vital capacity test? (FVC)

A

measures volume and speed of air leaving

59
Q

why is the FEV1 and FVC ratio important?

A

determines which type of lung disease it is

60
Q

which type of lung disease has a lower FEV1 compared to FVC?

A

obstructive

61
Q

which type of lung disease has FEV1 and FVC decreasing by the same amount?

A

restrictive

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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