Exam 5: Chapter 17 Flashcards
what does high resistance do to flow?
decrease flow
what things does bronchoconstriction in the respiratory system?
parasymp
-histamine, leukotrienes
what things does bronchodialiation in the respiratory system?
symp (E -> beta2)
low O2, high CO2
what happens to flow when we increase pressure?
flow increases
what happens to the diameter as we go down the respiratory tract? how about the number of tubules? area? velocity?
diameter increases
number of tubules increases
area increases
velocity decreases (easier for diffusion)
what is a conducting system in the respiratory system?
moves air from outside to the alveoli
what are alevoli?
site of exchange with the blood
-single layer of epithelium
what are type 1 alveoli?
majority!
gas exchange (diffusion)
thin
what are type 2 alveoli?
synthesize and secrete surfactant
what is the diaphragm?
muscle at the floor of the thoracic cavity
-changes shape of the thoracic cavity when it contracts & relaxes
what are the intercostal muscles?
connect at the ribs (internal and external)
what are the sternocleidomastoids?
attach to the sternum
what are scalenes?
attach to the two top ribs
what are pleural sacs?
double-walled pleura that enclose the lungs
what are the three layers of a pleura?
visceral pleura = lines lungs (INNER)
pleural fluid
parietal pleura = attaches to thoracic wall (OUTER)
what are three characteristics of the respiratory system?
warm
humid (100% humidity)
filter
what two things help filter out foreign material in the respiratory system?
ciliated epithelial
mucus
what is Dalton’s Law?
if we know the % of gases in the mixture, we know their partial pressures
EX: O2 is 21% and atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg
O2 partial pressure = 160mmHg
what is Boyle’s Law?
if size/volume changes, pressure of gas changes
what happens to pressure if volume increases?
pressure decreases
what is tidal volume?
volume of air that moves during a simple inspiration or expiration
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
additional volume of inspire above the tidal volume
what is expiratory reserve volume?
amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration
what is residual volume?
volume of air in respiratory system after maximum exhalation
what is vital capacity?
IRV + ERV + VT
what is total lung capacity?
VC + RV
what is inspiratory capacity?
TV + IRV
what is functional residual capacity?
ERV + RV
what is inspiration?
air from the environment going into the alveoli
what happens to volume and pressure during inspiration?
volume increases
pressure decreases
is the diaphragm contracted or relaxed during inspiration?
contracted
-pulled down and away
is pressure higher in the lungs or environment during inspiration?
pressure is higher in the environment
what are the three muscles inspiration uses?
external intercostals
sternocleidomastoids
scalenes
what is quiet breathing?
inspiratory muscles contracted
expiratory muscles are relaxed
-respiration at rest
what happens to volume and pressure during expiration?
volume decreases
pressure increases
is pressure higher in the lungs or the environment during expiration?
lungs
what two muscles does expiration use?
internal intercostals
abdominal muscles
what is active breathing?
expiratory muscles are contracted
inspiratory muscles are contracted with more force
-occurs during exercise or when breathing is forced
what is subatmospheric pleural pressure?
keeps lungs inflated and pushed against thoracic wall
-never equals atmospheric pressure
what is a pneumothorax?
hole that allows air to enter from atmosphere into pleural space
what happens to intrapleural pressure during inspiration and expiration?
inspiration: pressure decreases
expiration: pressure increases
what is lung compliance?
measures how easily the lungs inflate/stretch
what does high compliance mean?
stretches easily, fills with air easily
what does low compliance mean?
requires more force to fill, allows it to return to OG shape
what is elastance?
how well the lungs recoil
what is surfactant?
reduces the surface tension in the lungs
-surfactant stops the clumping of water
-made out of a mixture of proteins and phospholipids
what is the equation for total pulmonary ventiliation?
breathing rate (breaths/min) * tidal volume (mL/breath)
what is the equation for alveolar ventilation?
breathing rate * (tidal volume - dead space)
what is the dead space?
the air that isn’t reached by the alveoli
what is the maximum voluntary ventilation?
breathing as deeply and quickly as possible
-increases breathing rate and tidal volume
what do the capillaries do when their nearby alveoli don’t get air? why?
they collapse
-divert blood to the alveoli that are getting air
-tries to match ventilation and alveolar blood flow
what happens to the capillaries at rest?
gravity causes the lower alveoli to get air
-upper capillaries collapse
what happens to the capillaries during exercise?
none are collapsed
what molecule drives the collapsing of capillaries?
CO2
what is auscultation?
listening to breathing sounds to assess pulmonary function
-measure lung volumes
what are obstructive lung diseases due to?
decreased airflow is due to increases resistance
what are restrictive lung diseases due to?
decreased airflow is due to decreased lung compliance
-harder to inflate lungs
-due to fibrotic tissues & inadequate surfactant
what is the forced vital capacity test? (FVC)
measures volume and speed of air leaving
why is the FEV1 and FVC ratio important?
determines which type of lung disease it is
which type of lung disease has a lower FEV1 compared to FVC?
obstructive
which type of lung disease has FEV1 and FVC decreasing by the same amount?
restrictive
