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Integrated Physiology > Exam 4: Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what is plasma?

A

surrounds the cells of the connective tissue in the blood
-considered an extracellular matrix
-made up mainly of water

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2
Q

what are the four types of plasma cells?

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogens
transferrin

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3
Q

what do albumins do?

A

MAJORITY
-colloid osmotic pressure

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4
Q

what do globulins do?

A

antibodies, protein carriers, and other clotting factors

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5
Q

what do fibrinogens do?

A

forms fibrin threads for forming a clot

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6
Q

what do transferrins do?

A

transports iron
-important for heme groups!

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7
Q

what are the three cellular elements?

A

RBC
white blood cells
platelets

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8
Q

what are the five types of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

A

lymphocyte
monocyte
neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil

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9
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

T & B cells
-specific immune responses

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10
Q

what do monocytes do?

A

differentiate into macrophages
-phagocytic

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11
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A

MAJORITY
-mobile phagocytes
-first to arrive at infection

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12
Q

what do basophils do?

A

contain granules of histamine
-allergic response
-less than 1%

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13
Q

what do eosinophils do?

A

parasitic infections
-allergic responses

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14
Q

what is a hematocrit?

A

tells us the % of RBCs
-low RBC = less resistance
-high RBC = more resistance

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15
Q

what are the two precursor cells for a RBC? whats the difference b/w them?

A

erythroblasts = nucleus
reticulocyte = no nucleus

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16
Q

does a mature RBC have a nucleus?

A

NO!!
-cannot replicate!

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17
Q

what is the shape of RBC’s? what three things about the morphology give us clues for disease?

A

biconcave disks (more flexibility)
-shape, color, size give us clues for disease

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18
Q

what is the main protein in RBCs?

A

hemoglobin

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19
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

4 peptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)
-each chain has a heme group (porphyrin ring, iron molecule)

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20
Q

what does hemoglobin do?

A

carries O2

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21
Q

what does ferritin do?

A

stores iron in the liver

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22
Q

how are RBCs recycled in the liver?

A

heme -> billrubin -> bile

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23
Q

what is the shortest lived cellular element? longest lived?

A

shortest: white blood cells (hours)
longest: RBCs (4 months)

24
Q

what is anemia?

A

decreases O2 carrying capacity in the blood
-can no longer carry normal amount
-fewer RBCs produced OR RBCs are lost at a faster rate
-due to iron, folic acid, or vitamin 12 deficiency

25
Q

what are platelets?

A

does coagulation (clotting)
-very small (cell fragments)
-no nucleus
-live for 10 days

26
Q

what is the precursor for platelets?

A

megakaryocytes
-platelets break off megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

27
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

preventing blood loss from damaged vessels

28
Q

what are the three steps to hemostasis?

A
  1. vasoconstriction (minor tears)
  2. platelet plug (mild tears)
  3. coagulation (severe tears)
29
Q

how does vasoconstriction help prevent blood loss?

A

decreases blood flow to the area
-mediated by paracrines

30
Q

what is the platelet plug pathway?

A
  1. exposed collagen
  2. attracts and activates platelets
  3. releases factors (platelet activating factor, van willibrand factor, thromboxane A2)
  4. positive feedback loop to attract and activate platelets
31
Q

what does the platelet activating factor do?

A

attract and activate platelets

32
Q

what does the van willibrand factor do?

A

adheres platelets to collagen

33
Q

what does thromboxane A2 do?

A

attract and activate platelets

34
Q

how do you stop the formation of the platelet plug?

A

prostacyclin and NO stop platelet adherence

35
Q

what is the coagulation pathway?

A

INTRINSITC
1. exposed collagen
2. factor12

EXTRINSIC
1. damaged tissue around vessel
2. factor3
3. factor7

COMMON
1. factor10
2. prothrombin -> thrombin
3. fibrinogen -> fibrin
4. factor13
5. cross-linked fibrin clot

36
Q

what two things is the coagulation pathway dependent on?

A

Ca2+ and Vitamin K

37
Q

what is the process that removes the fibrin in the clot?

A

fibrinolysis

38
Q

what is the process of fibrinolysis?

A
  1. plasminogen -> plasmin (TPA: tissue plasmin activator)
  2. breaks down fibrin
  3. clot dissolved
39
Q

what do anticoagulants do? what are the two ways it acts?

A

prevents coagulation
-inhibition of platelet adhesion
-inhibition of coagulation cascade

40
Q

what two things inhibit platelet adhesion?

A

prostacyclin
NO

41
Q

what two things inhibit the coagulation cascade?

A

antithrombin 3
heparin

42
Q

what is hemophilia?

A

uncontrollable loss of blood
-can’t make clots

43
Q

what is the process of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell?

A

uncommitted stem cell (can become any blood cell)
↓
progenitor cell (committed cell, after hematopoiesis)

found in bone marrow!!

44
Q

what is the process called that synthesizes blood cells?

A

hematopoiesis

45
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in an embryo?

A

liver and spleen

46
Q

what is red marrow?

A

hematopoiesis occurs
-due to hemoglobin present

47
Q

what is yellow marrow?

A

very little hematopoiesis occurs
-due to high levels of fat present

48
Q

what is hematopoiesis controlled by?

A

cytokines

49
Q

what is the cytokine called that controls red blood cell production?

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

50
Q

what is the process of erythropoiesis?

A
  1. hypoxia (low O2)
  2. EPO released by kidney
  3. bone marrow
  4. RBC production
  5. increases hemoglobin
  6. increases O2
51
Q

what cytokine controls platelet production?

A

thrombopoietin (TPO)

52
Q

where are platelets produced?

A

liver

53
Q

what two main things controls white blood cell production?

A

colony-stimulating factor
interleukins

54
Q

what do interleukins do?

A

messengers from white BC to act on other white BC
-differentiation of white BCs

55
Q

what do colony-stimulating factors do?

A

produces white BCs
-made with endothelial cells, fibroblasts, leukocytes
-able to determine differential white cell count (elevated=infection)

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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