Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Integrated Physiology > FINAL EXAM: Unit 2 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM: Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

afferent / sensory neurons

A

take into TO the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

efferent / motor neurons

A

take info FROM the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do Schwann cells do?

A

myelination of PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

myelination of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do satellite cells do?

A

protective layer around cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

form BBB, NT uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what opens mechanically-gated channels?

A

pressure, stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what opens chemically-gated channels?

A

ligand & receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what opens voltage-gated channels?

A

cell membrane potential (depo, hyper)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which type of potential, graded or action, is excitatory and inhibitory?

A

graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which type of potential, graded or action, contains only voltage-gated channels for K+ and Na+?

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens during the depolarization stage of an action potential?

A

Na+ entry
-IG open
-AG open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens during the repolarization stage of an action potential?

A

K+ exits
-IG close
-AG open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an absolute refractory period?

A

no stimulus can trigger AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a relative refractory period?

A

larger than normal stimulus can trigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does hyperkalemia impact action potentials?

A

RMP increases
-a smaller stimulus can trigger AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does hypokalemia impact action potentials?

A

RMP decreases
-need a larger stimulus to trigger AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what receptors does ACh use? whats the difference b/w them?

A

nicotinic: ionotropic (receptor/ion), Na+ entry, excitatory
muscarinic: metabotropic (GPCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what type of receptor do amines use?

A

NE, E, dopamine
-metabotropic (alpha, beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what type of receptor do amino acids use? describe the effects of each major type of AA

A

ionotropic
-glutamate: excitatory, Na+ entry
-GABA, glycine: inhibitory, Cl- entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of receptor do purines use?

A

adenosine, ATP, cAMP
-metabotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what type of receptor do gases use?

A

NO RECEPTOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of receptor do lipids use?

A

eicosanoids
-metabotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the pathway of exocytosis to release a NT?

A
  1. AP -> depolarization
  2. Ca2+ entry
  3. exocytosis of vesicle
  4. NT release
  5. goes to postsynaptic receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are three ways NT activity is terminated?

A

diffuse out of synapse
inactivated by enzymes
uptake by neighbor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is an EPSP?

A

depolarization
-open Na+ or Ca2+ channels
-close K+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is an IPSP?

A

hyperpolarization
-open K+ or Cl- channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the difference b/w divergence and convergence?

A

divergence: axon synapses with multiple targets
convergence: multiple axons synapse w/ one target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the difference b/w spatial and temporal summation?

A

spatial: several axons fire simultaneously
temporal: one axon fires multiple times close together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what happens when there is postsynaptic inhibition?

A

summed potential is below threshold -> no AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what happens when there is presynaptic inhibition?

A

decreased NT release
-global: all of the branches
-selective: only at one branch of the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does long term potentiation do to synpases?

A

enhances synapse effect (speed, release)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the pathway of LTP for glutamate?

A
  1. glutamate release
  2. releases AMPA & NMDA
  3. AMPA releases Na+
  4. depolarization of NMDA ejects the Mg+ ion to release Ca2+
  5. paracrine is released
  6. increases glutamate release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is long term depression?

A

changes receptor itself or the amount of receptors to decrease synapse effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the difference b/w white and gray matter?

A

gray: unmyelinated
white: myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the four parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does the midbrain do?

A

pupil reflex, auditory & visual reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does the pons do?

A

relay center b/w cerebellum & cerebrum, breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

spinal tracts, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does the reticular formation do?

A

arousal, consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

body coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the four parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

relay center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

melatonin secretion

45
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

homeostasis, thirst, hunger

46
Q

what does the pituitary gland do?

A

hormone secretion

47
Q

what are the four lobes in the cerebrum? what does each of the do?

A

temporal: audio, smell
frontal: motor, decisions, taste
parietal: touch, homeostasis
occipital: vision

48
Q

what are the three parts of the cerebrum?

A

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system

49
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do?

A

senses, voluntary movement

50
Q

what does the basal ganglia do?

A

inhibit skeletal muscle, DA secretion, gray matter

51
Q

what does the limbic system do?

A

emotion, bx, memory, learning
-amygdala, hippocampus

52
Q

what is CN1?

A

olfactory
-smell

53
Q

what is CN2?

A

optic
-vision

54
Q

what is CN3?

A

oculomotor
-pupil reflex
-ciliary muscle

55
Q

what CN4?

A

trochlear
-down eye movement

56
Q

what is CN5?

A

trigeminal
-chewing

57
Q

what is CN6?

A

abducens
-outward eye movement

58
Q

what is CN7?

A

facial
-taste, face sensations

59
Q

what is CN8?

A

vestibulochoclear
-hearing, equilibrium

60
Q

what is CN9?

A

glossopharyngeal
-swallowing

61
Q

what is CN10?

A

vagus
-parasympathetic NS, GI tract

62
Q

what is CN11?

A

spinal accessory
-shoulders

63
Q

what is CN12?

A

hypoglossal
-tongue

64
Q

what part of the brain controls sleep-awake cycles?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus -> hypothalamus

65
Q

what type of waves are there when you are awake, non-REM, REM?

A

awake & REM: alpha waves
non-REM: delta waves

66
Q

what is the difference b/w associative and non-associative learning?

A

associative: 2 stimuli associated together, Pavlovian
non-associative: change bx after repeated exposure, habituation & sensitization

67
Q

what is the difference b/w habituation & sensitization?

A

habituation: decreases response to annoying stimulus
-repeating loud noise

sensitization: increase response to bad stimulus
-puking whiskey

68
Q

what is the difference b/w short term, working, and long-term memory?

A

short: gone w/in a day

working: used for decisions (crossing the street)

long-term
-reflexive/implicit: muscle memory
-declarative/explicit: facts, figures

69
Q

what is the pathway of language in the brain?

A
  1. sensory info (vision, audio)
  2. cerebral cortex (left side)
  3. Wernicke’s Area (understand info)
  4. Broca’s Area (integrate info)
  5. motor output (frontal lobe)
70
Q

what is the difference b/w the dorsal and ventral root in the spinal cord?

A

dorsal: afferent signals
ventral: efferent signals

71
Q

what types of senses do receptive fields activate?

A

somatic senses
vision

72
Q

how does sensitivity and convergence change with a larger receptive field?

A

less sensitive
more convergence

73
Q

what is 1-point discrimination?

A

overlapping fields
-more convergence
-perceived as a single point

74
Q

what is 2-point discrimination?

A

small fields, less convergence
-more points = more sensitive

75
Q

what does modality refer to?

A

specific neurons activated

76
Q

what does location refer to?

A

which receptive fields are activated

77
Q

what does intensity refer to?

A

number of receptors activated
-frequency of APs

78
Q

what does duration refer to?

A

longer stimulus leads to longer APs

79
Q

what is the difference b/w tonic and phasic receptors?

A

tonic: slow adapting, rapid fire -> maintain firing
phasic: fast adapting, rapid fire -> stop firing if stim. is constant

80
Q

what is the pathway for fine touch, proprioception, and vibration?

A

skin -> medulla -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex

81
Q

what is the pathway for nociception, temp, and coarse touch?

A

skin -> cross over in SC -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex

82
Q

what do free nerve endings respond to?

A

temp, pain

83
Q

what do pacianian corpuscles respond to?

A

vibration (phasic)

84
Q

what do meissner corpuscles respond to?

A

flutter (phasic)

85
Q

what do ruffini corpuscles respond to?

A

stretch (tonic)

86
Q

what do merkel receptors respond to?

A

texture, pressure (tonic)

87
Q

what do nociceptors detect?

A

pain, itch

88
Q

what are the two fibers in nociceptors? what type of pain do they correlate to?

A

A-delta: fast pain, local
C: slow pain, diffuse

89
Q

what is the nociceptor pathway?

A
  1. protective spinal reflex -> withdrawal reflex
  2. ascending pathway -> cerebral cortex -> feel pain
  3. dorsal horn of spinal cord
90
Q

what do chemoreceptors detect?

A

smell and taste

91
Q

what is the smell pathway?

A
  1. olfactory neuron binds to odor (1)
  2. activate G(olf) -> GPCR
  3. increase cAMP
  4. depolarization
  5. CN1 (2)
  6. olfactory bulb
  7. olfactory tract
  8. olfactory cortex
  9. cerebral cortex & limbic system
92
Q

what are the five tastes and what do they respond to? what type are they?

A

sweet: glucose, sugar, TYPE 2 (meta)
sour: H+, TYPE 3 (iono)
salty: Na+
bitter: alkalines, TYPE 2 (meta)
umami: glutamate, TYPE 2 (meta)

93
Q

what is the gustation pathway?

A
  1. taste binds TRC
  2. GPCR
  3. TYPE2: release ATP, TYPE3: release serotonin
  4. CN7, 9, 10 (1)
  5. medulla (2)
  6. thalamus (3)
  7. gustatory cortex
94
Q

what is pitch?

A

frequency
-low pitch: hair cells bend toward helicotrema, SLOW vibration
-high pitch: hair cells bend toward oval window, FAST vibration

95
Q

what is loudness?

A

amplitude
-more hair cells activated = louder

96
Q

what is the hearing pathway?

A
  1. ear canal
  2. tympanic MB
  3. auditory ossicles
  4. oval window
  5. cochlea
  6. perilymph (vestibular duct)
  7. endolymph (cochlear duct)
  8. basilar MB shifts (toward tallest = depo, toward shortest = hyper)
  9. hair cells move in tectorial MB
  10. NT release
  11. CN8
  12. medulla
  13. midbrain
  14. thalamus
  15. auditory cortex
97
Q

what happens when hair cells are bent toward the kinocilium?

A

depolarization
-bent away = hyperpolarization

98
Q

what is horizontal rotation? posterior? superior?

A

horizontal: spin
posterior: side to side
superior: forward & backward

99
Q

what does the semicircular canals detect?

A

rotational movement

100
Q

what does the otolith organ detect?

A

linear movement

101
Q

what does the saccule detect? utricle?

A

saccule: vertical drop
utricle: forward & backward acceleration

102
Q

what is the equilibrium pathway?

A
  1. head movement
  2. endolymph movement
  3. inertia (fluid moves opposite direction first)
  4. cupula shifts
  5. hair cells bend
  6. depolarization
  7. NT release
  8. CN8 (1)
  9. medulla (2)
  10. reticular formation (3)
  11. thalamus
  12. motor cortex
103
Q

what do circular muscles of the eye control?

A

pupil constriction
-parasymp NS

104
Q

what do radial muscles of the eye control?

A

pupil dilation
-symp NS

105
Q

what do cilliary muscles of the eye control?

A

lens accomodation
-FLAT: suspensory lig. tight, cill. muscles relax
-ROUND: suspensory lig. relax, cill. muscles tight

106
Q

where are photoreceptors located at? what are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

in the retina
-rods: low light, B&W
-cones: high light, color

107
Q

what is the process of a photoreceptor cell?

A

photoreceptor -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell

108
Q

what type of light causes rhodopsin to be active and lead to a hyperpolarization with low glutamate release?

A

high light

109
Q

what is the pathway of vision?

A
  1. light
  2. cornea
  3. pupil
  4. lens
  5. macula (retina)
  6. photoreceptor
  7. CN2 (1)
  8. optic chiasm (2)
  9. thalamus
  10. visual cortex

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions