Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Integrated Physiology > Exam 2 (Chapter 9) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chapter 9) Flashcards

1
Q

what are emergent properties?

A

properties that we cannot predict (complex)
-due to human plasticity
-Affective & Cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are affective properties, what are cognitive properties?

A

affective: feeling, emotion
cognitive: thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sponge NS

A

-no neurons
-have electrically excitable cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

jellyfish NS

A

no centralization of brain or spinal cord
-have a nerve net

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

flatworm NS

A

-centralization of nerve cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

roundworm NS

A

-primitive brain (ganglion)
-nerve cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

vertebrate NS

A

-brain varies in size, folding, and surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

embryonic forebrain develops into what?

A

diencephalon, cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

embryonic midbrain develops into what?

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

embryonic hindbrain develops into what?

A

medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which is myelinated, gray or white matter?

A

white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what two structures provide bony protection?

A

skull, vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do meninges do? what are the three types?

A

stabilizes NS and provides cushion b/w bone & NS
-Dura mater (OUTER)
-Arachnoid MB
-Pia mater (INNER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does cerebrospinal fluid provide protection?

A

provides physical and chemical protection
-secreted by the choroid plexus
-b/w arachnoid MB and pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the blood-brain-barrier? (BBB)

A

-b/w interstitial fluid & blood
-VERY selective on what can enter the brain (only O2 & CO2)
-has tight junctions b/w membrane of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the two metabolic requirements of neural tissue?

A

O2 (1/5) and glucose (1/2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two spinal nerves? what type of info do they carry?

A

Dorsal Root: sensory / afferent info (to the CNS)
Ventral Root: motor / efferent info (to the TARGETS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what types of tracts does white matter have? where does it run to?

A

ascending tracts: periphery -> brain
descending tracts: brain -> periphery
propriospinal: remains in the cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is unique about the spinal reflex? what does the reflex do?

A

it does not need the brain to carry out the reflex
-helps with coordination & body positioning
-withdrawal reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the four parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what houses 11/12 cranial nerves and is the oldest region of the brain?

A

brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what part of the brain does the pupillary reflex and integrate auditory & visual reflexes?

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what part of the brain relays information b/w the cerebellum & cerebrum and regulates & coordinates breathing?

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what part of the brain has descending corticospinal tracts, ascending somatosensory tracts, and controls involuntary actions such as BP, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting?

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what part of the brain deals with arousal and consciousness?

A

reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what part of the brain sends afferent signals from CN8, body coordination, and is the 2nd largest part of the brain?

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the four parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what part of the brain relays sensory & motor info to the cerebellum?

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what part of the brain secretes melatonin?

A

pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what part of the brain does homoeostasis, autonomic NS, and behavioral drives (thirst, hunger)?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what part of the brain does hormone secretion?

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the three parts of the cerebrum?

A

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the four lobes in the cerebrum?

A

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what part of the brain has sensory areas (perception), motor areas (skeletal muscle) and association areas (voluntary movement)?

A

cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what part of the brain inhibits signals to skeletal muscle, secretes dopamine, and has gray matter?

A

basal ganglia

36
Q

what part of the brain modulates emotion, bx, memory, and learning? This part of the brain also contains the amygdala and hippocamppus?

A

limbic system

37
Q

what part of the brain is divided into 2 hemispheres?

A

cerebrum

38
Q

which lobe deals with auditory info?

A

temporal lobe

39
Q

which lobe deals with motor and decision making?

A

frontal lobe

40
Q

which lobe contains the somatosensory cortex?

A

parietal lobe

41
Q

which lobe deals with visual information?

A

occipital lobe

42
Q

what is cerebral lateralizatoin?

A

having left and right dominance in certain areas
-LEFT: language, verbal
-RIGHT: spatial skills

43
Q

what does the somatosensory cortex do?

A

deals with sensory information from skin, body positioning, temp, pain, touch

44
Q

what are the cranial nerves in order? are they a sensory, motor, or both nerve?

A

1: olfactory (S)
2: optic (S)
3: oculomotor (M)
4: trochlear (M)
5: trigeminal (B)
6: abducens (M)
7: facial (B)
8: vestibulocochlear (S)
9: glossopharyngeal (B)
10: vagus (B)
11: spinal accessory (M)
12: hypoglossal (M)

45
Q

what does the olfactory nerve do? (CN1)

A

smell

46
Q

what does the optic nerve do? (CN2)

A

sight

47
Q

what does the oculomotor nerve do? (CN3)

A

pupillary reflex
ciliary muscle movement of lens
eye lid movement

48
Q

what does the trochlear nerve do? (CN4)

A

superior oblique muscles of the eye (down-out)

49
Q

what does the trigeminal nerve do? (CN5)

A

sensory info from face, scalp
taste
mastication (chewing)

50
Q

what does the abducens nerve do? (CN6)

A

lateral rectus muscles of the eye (outward)

51
Q

what does the facial nerve do? (CN7)

A

facial expressions (face, nose, soft pallet)
taste

52
Q

what does the vestibulocochlear nerve do? (CN8)

A

hearing
equilibrium

53
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve do? (CN9)

A

taste
swallowing
deals with the pharynx, epiglottis, and salivary glands

54
Q

what does the vagus nerve do? (CN10)

A

parasympathetic NS
GI tract
swallowing (epiglottis)

55
Q

what does the spinal accessory nerve do? (CN11)

A

muscles of head, shoulders, and laryngeal
-not a true cranial nerve

56
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve do? (CN12)

A

tongue muscles

57
Q

what are the three motor / efferent outputs from the CNS?

A

skeletal muscle movement (voluntary)
-somatic NS, frontal lobe

neuroendocrine signals (breathing, BP)
-hypothalamus, adrenal medulla

visceral responses
-autonomic NS, hypothalamus, medulla

58
Q

can the behavioral system and motor outputs interact together?

A

YES
-bx can affect our HR

59
Q

where are the neurons found that control the behavioral NS?

A

cerebral cortex
-reticular formation, hypothalamus, limbic system

60
Q

where are the diffuse modulatory systems located at?

A

reticular formation

61
Q

NE (noadrenergic) diffuse modulatory system functions

A

attention
arousal
sleep-wake cycles
learning
memory
anxiety
pain
mood

62
Q

serotonin (serotonergic) diffuse modulatory system functions

A

pain
locomotion
sleep-wake cycles
mood
emotion

63
Q

dopamine (dopaminergic) diffuse modulatory system functions

A

motor control
“reward” systems
can lead to addiction

64
Q

ACh (cholinergic) diffuse modulatory system functions

A

sleep-wake
arousal
learning
memory
sensory info

65
Q

what measures sleep patterns?

A

EEG

66
Q

what part of sleep is the majority? what are the three parts of it? what types of waves does it produce?

A

Non-REM
-N1, N2, N3
-slow waves, deep sleep, delta waves

67
Q

what do they waves look like when we are awake?

A

irregular alpha waves

68
Q

what do the waves during REM look like?

A

similar to awake waves

69
Q

what part of the brain controls circadian rhythm?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
-communicates w/ the pineal gland to secrete melatonin
-gets signals from light cues

70
Q

what part of the brain deals with emotion?

A

limbic system
amygdala: fear, anxiety, aggression
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

71
Q

what is motivation?

A

internal signals that shape voluntary bx
-known as drives (food drive, satiety, pleasure, addictive bx)

72
Q

what is mood? what four things does it involve?

A

long-lasting emotional states
-involve… genetic factors, diffuse modulatory systems, trophic factors, external stressors

73
Q

what is learning? what are the two parts of learning?

A

acquisition of knowledge
-associative and non-associative learning

74
Q

what is associative learning?

A

pavlovian conditioning
-2 stimuli associated w/ eachother

75
Q

what is non-associative learning?

A

change in bx after repeated exposure to a single stimulus
-habituation, sensitization

76
Q

what is habituation?

A

decrease response to an irrelevant stimulus
-loud noise over and over again, you get used to the loud noise and don’t get startled again

77
Q

what is sensitization?

A

increase response to a noxious / intense stimulus
-becoming sick to fireball and never wanting it again

78
Q

what is memory? which area of the brain deals with memory? where are memories stored?

A

ability to retain and recall info
-in the hippocampus
-stored in the cerebral cortex pathways (visual & auditory cortexes)

79
Q

what is short-term memory?

A

7-12 pieces of information
-if not repeated, it will disappear w/in a day

80
Q

what is working memory?

A

used to make a decision and complete a task
-EX: crossing the street

81
Q

what is long-term memory?

A

lasts for years
-two types: reflexive and declarative

82
Q

what is reflexive / implicit / procedural LT-memory?

A

muscle memory, w/o conscious effort
-amygdala, cerebellum

83
Q

what is declarative / explicit LT-memory?

A

conscious effort to recall
-facts & figures
-temporal lobe

84
Q

what is consolidation?

A

converting short-term memories into long-term

85
Q

where is language processed?

A

cerebral cortex

86
Q

what two areas in the left hemisphere process language?

A

Wernicke’s area (understand & interpret) -> Broca’s Area (integrates outputs) -> motor cortex of frontal lobe

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions