Exam 2 (Chapter 9) Flashcards
what are emergent properties?
properties that we cannot predict (complex)
-due to human plasticity
-Affective & Cognitive
what are affective properties, what are cognitive properties?
affective: feeling, emotion
cognitive: thinking
sponge NS
-no neurons
-have electrically excitable cells
jellyfish NS
no centralization of brain or spinal cord
-have a nerve net
flatworm NS
-centralization of nerve cords
roundworm NS
-primitive brain (ganglion)
-nerve cord
vertebrate NS
-brain varies in size, folding, and surface area
embryonic forebrain develops into what?
diencephalon, cerebrum
embryonic midbrain develops into what?
midbrain
embryonic hindbrain develops into what?
medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons
which is myelinated, gray or white matter?
white matter
what two structures provide bony protection?
skull, vertebral column
what do meninges do? what are the three types?
stabilizes NS and provides cushion b/w bone & NS
-Dura mater (OUTER)
-Arachnoid MB
-Pia mater (INNER)
how does cerebrospinal fluid provide protection?
provides physical and chemical protection
-secreted by the choroid plexus
-b/w arachnoid MB and pia mater
what is the blood-brain-barrier? (BBB)
-b/w interstitial fluid & blood
-VERY selective on what can enter the brain (only O2 & CO2)
-has tight junctions b/w membrane of capillaries
what are the two metabolic requirements of neural tissue?
O2 (1/5) and glucose (1/2)
what are the two spinal nerves? what type of info do they carry?
Dorsal Root: sensory / afferent info (to the CNS)
Ventral Root: motor / efferent info (to the TARGETS)
what types of tracts does white matter have? where does it run to?
ascending tracts: periphery -> brain
descending tracts: brain -> periphery
propriospinal: remains in the cord
what is unique about the spinal reflex? what does the reflex do?
it does not need the brain to carry out the reflex
-helps with coordination & body positioning
-withdrawal reflex
what are the four parts of the brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
reticular formation
what houses 11/12 cranial nerves and is the oldest region of the brain?
brainstem
what part of the brain does the pupillary reflex and integrate auditory & visual reflexes?
midbrain
what part of the brain relays information b/w the cerebellum & cerebrum and regulates & coordinates breathing?
pons
what part of the brain has descending corticospinal tracts, ascending somatosensory tracts, and controls involuntary actions such as BP, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting?
medulla oblongata
what part of the brain deals with arousal and consciousness?
reticular formation
what part of the brain sends afferent signals from CN8, body coordination, and is the 2nd largest part of the brain?
cerebellum
what are the four parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
what part of the brain relays sensory & motor info to the cerebellum?
thalamus
what part of the brain secretes melatonin?
pineal gland
what part of the brain does homoeostasis, autonomic NS, and behavioral drives (thirst, hunger)?
hypothalamus
what part of the brain does hormone secretion?
pituitary gland
what are the three parts of the cerebrum?
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system
what are the four lobes in the cerebrum?
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
what part of the brain has sensory areas (perception), motor areas (skeletal muscle) and association areas (voluntary movement)?
cerebral cortex
what part of the brain inhibits signals to skeletal muscle, secretes dopamine, and has gray matter?
basal ganglia
what part of the brain modulates emotion, bx, memory, and learning? This part of the brain also contains the amygdala and hippocamppus?
limbic system
what part of the brain is divided into 2 hemispheres?
cerebrum
which lobe deals with auditory info?
temporal lobe
which lobe deals with motor and decision making?
frontal lobe
which lobe contains the somatosensory cortex?
parietal lobe
which lobe deals with visual information?
occipital lobe
what is cerebral lateralizatoin?
having left and right dominance in certain areas
-LEFT: language, verbal
-RIGHT: spatial skills
what does the somatosensory cortex do?
deals with sensory information from skin, body positioning, temp, pain, touch
what are the cranial nerves in order? are they a sensory, motor, or both nerve?
1: olfactory (S)
2: optic (S)
3: oculomotor (M)
4: trochlear (M)
5: trigeminal (B)
6: abducens (M)
7: facial (B)
8: vestibulocochlear (S)
9: glossopharyngeal (B)
10: vagus (B)
11: spinal accessory (M)
12: hypoglossal (M)
what does the olfactory nerve do? (CN1)
smell
what does the optic nerve do? (CN2)
sight
what does the oculomotor nerve do? (CN3)
pupillary reflex
ciliary muscle movement of lens
eye lid movement
what does the trochlear nerve do? (CN4)
superior oblique muscles of the eye (down-out)
what does the trigeminal nerve do? (CN5)
sensory info from face, scalp
taste
mastication (chewing)
what does the abducens nerve do? (CN6)
lateral rectus muscles of the eye (outward)
what does the facial nerve do? (CN7)
facial expressions (face, nose, soft pallet)
taste
what does the vestibulocochlear nerve do? (CN8)
hearing
equilibrium
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve do? (CN9)
taste
swallowing
deals with the pharynx, epiglottis, and salivary glands
what does the vagus nerve do? (CN10)
parasympathetic NS
GI tract
swallowing (epiglottis)
what does the spinal accessory nerve do? (CN11)
muscles of head, shoulders, and laryngeal
-not a true cranial nerve
what does the hypoglossal nerve do? (CN12)
tongue muscles
what are the three motor / efferent outputs from the CNS?
skeletal muscle movement (voluntary)
-somatic NS, frontal lobe
neuroendocrine signals (breathing, BP)
-hypothalamus, adrenal medulla
visceral responses
-autonomic NS, hypothalamus, medulla
can the behavioral system and motor outputs interact together?
YES
-bx can affect our HR
where are the neurons found that control the behavioral NS?
cerebral cortex
-reticular formation, hypothalamus, limbic system
where are the diffuse modulatory systems located at?
reticular formation
NE (noadrenergic) diffuse modulatory system functions
attention
arousal
sleep-wake cycles
learning
memory
anxiety
pain
mood
serotonin (serotonergic) diffuse modulatory system functions
pain
locomotion
sleep-wake cycles
mood
emotion
dopamine (dopaminergic) diffuse modulatory system functions
motor control
“reward” systems
can lead to addiction
ACh (cholinergic) diffuse modulatory system functions
sleep-wake
arousal
learning
memory
sensory info
what measures sleep patterns?
EEG
what part of sleep is the majority? what are the three parts of it? what types of waves does it produce?
Non-REM
-N1, N2, N3
-slow waves, deep sleep, delta waves
what do they waves look like when we are awake?
irregular alpha waves
what do the waves during REM look like?
similar to awake waves
what part of the brain controls circadian rhythm?
suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
-communicates w/ the pineal gland to secrete melatonin
-gets signals from light cues
what part of the brain deals with emotion?
limbic system
amygdala: fear, anxiety, aggression
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
what is motivation?
internal signals that shape voluntary bx
-known as drives (food drive, satiety, pleasure, addictive bx)
what is mood? what four things does it involve?
long-lasting emotional states
-involve… genetic factors, diffuse modulatory systems, trophic factors, external stressors
what is learning? what are the two parts of learning?
acquisition of knowledge
-associative and non-associative learning
what is associative learning?
pavlovian conditioning
-2 stimuli associated w/ eachother
what is non-associative learning?
change in bx after repeated exposure to a single stimulus
-habituation, sensitization
what is habituation?
decrease response to an irrelevant stimulus
-loud noise over and over again, you get used to the loud noise and don’t get startled again
what is sensitization?
increase response to a noxious / intense stimulus
-becoming sick to fireball and never wanting it again
what is memory? which area of the brain deals with memory? where are memories stored?
ability to retain and recall info
-in the hippocampus
-stored in the cerebral cortex pathways (visual & auditory cortexes)
what is short-term memory?
7-12 pieces of information
-if not repeated, it will disappear w/in a day
what is working memory?
used to make a decision and complete a task
-EX: crossing the street
what is long-term memory?
lasts for years
-two types: reflexive and declarative
what is reflexive / implicit / procedural LT-memory?
muscle memory, w/o conscious effort
-amygdala, cerebellum
what is declarative / explicit LT-memory?
conscious effort to recall
-facts & figures
-temporal lobe
what is consolidation?
converting short-term memories into long-term
where is language processed?
cerebral cortex
what two areas in the left hemisphere process language?
Wernicke’s area (understand & interpret) -> Broca’s Area (integrates outputs) -> motor cortex of frontal lobe
