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Integrated Physiology > Exam 5: Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Exam 5: Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what is sensible water loss?

A

urine & feces

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2
Q

what is insensible water loss?

A

skin & lungs

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3
Q

what is the medullary gradient? what is it created by?

A

created by the countercurrent exchange system
-as we go down the medulla, there is a higher concentration

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4
Q

what two tubules are apart of the countercurrent exchange system?

A

LOH & vasa recta
-close in proximity to eachother
-fluids move in opposite directions

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5
Q

what happens at the descending LOH in the countercurrent exchange system?

A

water leaves and enters vasa recta
-makes sure it doesn’t dilute the medulla
-LOH filtrate becomes more concentrated

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6
Q

what happens at the ascending LOH in the countercurrent exchange system?

A

solute leaves and stays in the interstitial fluid
-creates the medullary gradient

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7
Q

what are the collecting ducts permeable to?

A

BOTH water and solutes
-depends on situation

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8
Q

what is dilute urine?

A

large volume (more H2O), low solute
-solutes are reabsorbed

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9
Q

what is concentrated urine?

A

small volume (less H2O), high solute
-water is reabsorbed

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10
Q

what is diuresis?

A

increase water excretion

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11
Q

what is ADH/vasopressin released by?

A

posterior pituitary

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12
Q

what does ADH/vasopressin do?

A

stops water excretion (antidiuretic)
-promotes water reabsorption
-more concentrated urine

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13
Q

how does ADH/vasopressin act on collecting ducts?

A
  1. ADH binds to a receptor on collecting duct MB
  2. activates cAMP pathway
  3. aquaporins (AQP2) are inserted on apical MB
  4. water enters and exits on basolateral MB
  5. water goes into bloodstream
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14
Q

what triggers ADH/vasopressin release?

A

-low BP, low blood volume
-increase in osmolarity (high solute conc.)

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15
Q

what is the circadian rhythm of ADH/vasopressin?

A

increase ADH secretion at night

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16
Q

what happens to volume when osmolarity increases?

A

volume does not change

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17
Q

what happens when there is a high osmolarity?

A

too concentrated
-hypothalamus initiates thirst drive (bring osmolarity back down through dilution)
-initiate AHD/vasopressin release

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18
Q

what is aldosterone released by?

A

adrenal cortex

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19
Q

what are the effects of aldosterone release?

A

increase Na+ reabsorption
increase H2O reabsorption
increase K+ secretion

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20
Q

what are triggers for aldosterone release?

A
  • high K+ (we need to get rid of it)
  • low osmolarity (need more solutes)
  • low BP (triggers RAAS)
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21
Q

how does aldosterone act on the collecting ducts?

A
  1. aldosterone is released and enters principle cells (P cell)
  2. aldosterone binds to cytoplasmic receptor
  3. creates new channels on the MB
  4. modifies existing channels on MB (increase opening time or speed of pumps)
  5. Na+ enters ECF to be reabsorbed into blood
  6. K+ enters nephron to be secreted
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22
Q

what is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

A
  1. decrease in BP
  2. sympathetic NS acts on granular cells of kidney
  3. constriction causes renin to release into the blood
  4. angiotensinogen -> angiotensin 1
  5. angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2 (enzyme: ACE)
  6. angiotensin 2 constricts vessels (increase R = increases blood volume)
  7. MULTIPLE FACTORS (next flashcards)
  8. increase BP
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23
Q

what is the impact of the medulla oblongata in RAAS?

A

increase symp NS
-constriction

24
Q

what is the impact of the proximal tubules in RAAS?

A

increase Na+ reabsorption
increase water reabsorption

25
Q

what is the impact of the adrenal cortex in RAAS?

A

release aldosterone
-increases Na+ reabsorption
-increases H2O reabsorption
-increase K+ secretion

26
Q

what is the impact of the posterior pituitary in RAAS?

A

release ADH
-increase water reabsorption

27
Q

what is the impact of the hypothalamus in RAAS?

A

initiate thirst drive
-increase H2O intake

initiate ADH release from the posterior pituitary
-increase water reabsorption

28
Q

what are the two types of naturetic peptides?

A

ANP (atrial)
BNP (brain)

29
Q

what is the process of ANP after it is released?

A
  1. increase BP = stretch
  2. ANP released
  3. MULTIPLE IMPACTS
  4. decrease BP
30
Q

what is the effect of the hypothalamus due to ANP?

A

decrease ADH
-increase water secretion

31
Q

what is the effect of the kidney due to ANP?

A

afferent arteriole dilates
-increase GFR
-decrease renin

proximal tubule
-increases Na+ secretion
-increases water secretion

32
Q

what is the effect of the adrenal cortex due to ANP?

A

decrease aldosterone
-increase Na+ secretion
-increase water secretion
-increase K+ reabsorption

33
Q

what is the effect of the medulla oblongata due to ANP?

A

decrease SYMP
-dilation

34
Q

what hormone keeps K+ in it’s narrow range?

A

aldosterone
-increases K+ secretion if levels are too high

35
Q

what is hypokalemia?

A

low K+
-muscle weakness, failure of respiratory muscles and heart

36
Q

what is hyperkalemia?

A

high K+
-cardiac arrhythmias

37
Q

what are the effects of dehydration?

A

low volume
low BP
high osmolarity

38
Q

how does the body fix dehydration?

A
  1. decrease in BP
  2. increase SYMP NS
  3. constriction
  4. decrease GFR
  5. increase RAAS
  6. inhibit adrenal cortex (do not want to increase osmolarity)
39
Q

what do buffers do?

A

binds to H+ if its too acidic, and lets go of H+ if too basic
-fast working and make small changes

40
Q

what are the three molecules that use ICF mechanisms for buffers?

A

cellular proteins
phosphate ions
hemoglobin

41
Q

what molecule uses ECF mechanisms for buffers?

A

bicarbonate

42
Q

what two molecules are kidney/urine buffers?

A

phosphate ions
ammonia

43
Q

what does the respiratory system do when the pH is too low? (too acidic)?

A

HYPERventilation
-need to decrease CO2 = decrease H+
-creates an alkaline state to increase pH

44
Q

what does the respiratory system do when the pH is too high (too basic)?

A

HYPOventilation
-need to increase CO2 = increase H+
-creates an acidosis state to decrease pH

45
Q

what does the kidney do when pH is too high (too basic)?

A

H+ reabsorption and HCO3- secretion
-overall decreases pH

46
Q

what does the kidney do when pH is too low (too acidic)?

A

H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption
-overall increases pH

47
Q

what does the proximal tubule do to H+ and HCO3-?

A

secretes H+
reabsorbs HCO3-

48
Q

what does type A distal tubule cells do to H+ and HCO3-?

A

secretes H+
reabsorbs HCO3-

wants to make pH more basic

49
Q

what does type B distal tubule cells do to H+ and HCO3-?

A

reabsorbs H+
secretes HCO3-

wants to make pH more acidic

50
Q

what is respiratory acidosis caused by?

A

HYPOventilation
-CNS depressants

51
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis caused by?

A

HYPERventilation
-anxiety

52
Q

what is metabolic acidosis accompanied by?

A

HYPERventilation
-increased acid production in the body

53
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis accompanied by?

A

HYPOventilation
-increased action of getting rid of acids (vomitting)

54
Q

what is happening to H+, pH, and HCO3- during respiratory acidosis?

A

increase H+
decrease pH (more acidic)
increase HCO3- (high CO2 in the body)

55
Q

what is happening to H+, pH, and HCO3- during metabolic acidosis?

A

increase H+
decrease pH (more acidic)
decrease HCO3- (low CO2 in the body)

56
Q

what is happening to H+, pH, and HCO3- during respiratory alkalosis?

A

decrease H+
increase pH (more basic)
decrease HCO3- (low CO2 in the body)

57
Q

what is happening to H+, pH, and HCO3- during metabolic alkalosis?

A

decrease H+
increase pH (more basic)
increase HCO3- (high CO2 in the body)

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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