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A&P 1141 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of structural organization beginning with the most basic?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ system
  6. Organism
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2
Q

What organ systems are involved in homeostasis?

A

Endocrine

Nervous

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3
Q

Frontal/ coronal plane divides?

A

Anterior

Posterior

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4
Q

Horizontal/ transverse plane divides

A

Inferior and superior

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5
Q

Sagittal plane divides?
Mid?
Para?

A

Left and right
Equal left and right
Unequal left and right

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6
Q

Oblique plane divides?

A

Any angled plane

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Ventral

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8
Q

Posterior

A

Dorsal

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9
Q

Superior

A

Cranial

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10
Q

Inferior

A

Caudal

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11
Q

Which organs are found in the dorsal body cavity?

A

Brain and spine

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12
Q

Which organs are found in the ventral body cavity?

A

Heart and lungs
Digestive organs
Reproductive organs
Rectum

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13
Q

These are hydrated carbons that are a major source of energy via oxidation.

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides- simple sugars
  2. Disaccharides- 2 simple sugars
  3. Polysaccharides- polymers of glucose
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15
Q

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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16
Q

What are the types of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch

Glycogen

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18
Q

These are building blocks of proteins. There are only 20 used by the human body.

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

What are the 3 structures in an amino acid?

A
  1. Amine Group -NH2
  2. Functional (r) group with -CH
  3. Acid Group -COOH
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20
Q

These are water insoluble organic solvent and lipid soluble. Contain less oxygen than carbs.

A

Lipids

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21
Q

What are the 4 types of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
  4. Eicosanoids
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22
Q

Lipids can be either saturated or unsaturated. What does this mean?

A

Saturated is a single carbon bond

Unsaturated is a double carbon bond

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23
Q

This is a lipid that are 3 fatty acids with a glycerol backbone

A

Triglycerides.

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24
Q

This lips contains phosphorous and is a modified triglyceride and is used in the cell membrane.

A

Phospholipids

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25
Q

This is a lipid derives from cholesterol. Contains 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings.

A

Steroids

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26
Q

This type of lipid is derived from arachnodonic cells. They are prostaglandins and leukotriens which regulate inflammation.

A

Eicosanoids

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27
Q

Monosaturated

A

1 double bond

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28
Q

Polysaturated

A

> 1 double bond

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29
Q

This is genetic material in the cell that directs protein synthesis. It duplicates its self before cell division and is a double coiled structure.

A

DNA

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30
Q

What are the 3 parts of a DNA molecule?

A
  1. Sugar- deoxyribose
  2. Phosphate Group
  3. Nitrogen base
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31
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases for DNA and their pairs?

A

Cytosine and guanine

Adenine and thymine

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32
Q

Wha lt is the backbone of DNA?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone

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33
Q

This carries genetic instruction and it a single strand either straight or folded.

A

RNA

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34
Q

What are the 3 parts of RNA?

A
  1. Sugar- ribose
  2. Phosphate Group
  3. Nitrogen base
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35
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases for RNA?

A

Cytosine and guanine

Adenine and uracil

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36
Q

Where are carbohydrates in the body?

A

Muscles or liver

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37
Q

Where are amino acids found in the body?

A

Eliminated through excretion

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38
Q

Where are lipids found in the body?

A

Fat cells

Adipocytes- adipose tissue

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39
Q

Where is DNA found in the body?

A

The nucleus

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40
Q

Where is RNA found in the body?

A

Cytoplasm

41
Q

What is acidic on the pH scale?
Neutral?
Basic?

A

0-6 acidic
7 neutral
8-14 basic

42
Q

Acids have a ____ concentration of hydrogen H+ ions and bases have a _____ concentration of hydrogen H+ ions.

A

High

Low

43
Q

Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life. The continuity of life is cellular. This describes what?

A

Cell theory.

44
Q

What are the 3 types of cell junctions found in the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions.
45
Q

These are impermeable junctions that prevent molecules from passing through. They are found in the epithelial of the digestive tract.

A

Tight junctions

46
Q

These are anchoring junctions that reduce that chances of tissues tearing. They are found in the skin and heart muscle.

A

Desmosomes

47
Q

These cell junctions are direct communicators between cells. There are small openings for ions, simple sugars and small molecules to diffuse. They are found in the heart, smooth muscle and developing neurons.

A

Gap Junctions

48
Q

This occurs when water concentration is unequal between the extracellular and intracellular space. The membrane must be permeable to water molecules and impermeable to dilute molecules because it is the solutes that cannot freely pass through the membrane that are osmotically active.

A

Osmosis

49
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

A

Passive transport requires no energy input where active transport requires energy from ATP.

50
Q

Na+ has a high concentration _____ the cell and a low concentration ____

A

Outside

Inside

51
Q

K+ has a high concentration ____ the cell and a low concentration _____.

A

Inside

Outside

52
Q

How does the sodium potassium ATPase work?

A

A channel is open to the intracellular space where 3 sodium ions attache itself. An ATP then gives its energy to close the channel which opens to the extracellular space. The sodium exits and 2 potassium ions enter and then open to the extracellular space.

53
Q

Describe the pathway through the organelles that a protein will follow while it is being made. From ribosomes to plasma membrane.

A
  1. Ribosomes package the DNA
  2. ER transports the protein in the cell
  3. Golgi apparatus moves the protein from the ER to outside of the cell where a vesicles has broken off carrying the protein.
  4. Plasma membrane transports the protein on the surface and sends out messenger proteins to other cells.
54
Q

This is the most abundant cell in the epidermis. It is a tough fibrous protein that protects against acids, bases and scrapes. Desmosomes connects them to each other. Less deep, more superficial

A

Keratins

55
Q

Where are sensory receptors located in the skin?

A

Merkel cells deep in the epidermis
Hair follicle receptors
Pacinian receptors deep in the dermis or subcutaneous layer

56
Q

What are the 2 main structures to a long bone?

A
  1. Diaphysis

2. Epiphysis

57
Q

This is the shaft of the long bone made up of thick bone around medullary cavity it contains yellow marrow (fat) in adults.

A

Diaphysis

58
Q

This is the ends of a long bone. It is composed of compact bone surrounding spongy bone.

A

Epiphysis

59
Q

This separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis.

A

Epiphyseal line

60
Q

This is the outer surface of a long bone. It is a fibrous layer that contains irregular connective tissue and an osteogenic layer that contains osteoblasts and osteo clasts.

A

Periosteum

61
Q

This is the inner portion of a long bone that contains connective tissue with osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

A

Endosteum

62
Q

Where are long bones found?

A

Limbs

63
Q

Where are flat bones found?

A

skull, ribs, shoulder blades, clavicle

64
Q

How do flat bones develop?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

65
Q

Compact and spongy bones develop from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. Mesenchymal cells them gather and form into osteoblasts. Osteoids are secreted withinthe fibrous membrane and calsifies. Woven bone and periosteum form. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.
What is this process?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

66
Q

These are articulating bones seperated by fluid filled cavity. They are found in all limb joints and are diarthrotic.

A

Synovial joints

67
Q

What are the parts of the synovial joints?

A 
Articular cartilage
Joint (synovial) cavity
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments
68
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A
  1. Synarthoses
  2. Amphiartroses
  3. Diarthroses
69
Q

This is an immovable joint.

A

Synarthroses

70
Q

This is a slightly moveable joint.

A

Amphiarthoses

71
Q

This is a freely moveable joint.

A

Diarthoses

72
Q

What does non axial mean and which types of joints are non axial?

A

sliding across bone

place joint

73
Q

What does uniaxial mean and which types of joints are uniaxial?

A

moving in one plane

  1. hinge joint
  2. pivot joint
74
Q

What does mulitaxial mean and which types of joints are mulitaxial?

A

moves in all 3 planes

1. ball and socket

75
Q

What does biaxial mean and which types of joints are biaxial?

A

moves in 2 planes

  1. condylar joint
  2. saddle joint
76
Q

This joint moves side to side

A

gliding

77
Q

This is decreasing an angle.

A

flexion

78
Q

This is the increase in an angle.

A

extension

79
Q

This is turning the bone along its axis.

A

rotation

80
Q

This is moving away from the midline.

A

Abduction

81
Q

This is moving toward the midline.

A

Adduction

82
Q

This conducts impulses from the surface of the cell down into the cell to the terminal cisternae.

A

T-tubules

83
Q

Each of this type of fiber has a long cyndrilical cell with multiple nuclei just under the sarcolemma. It has a sarcoplasm ( muscle cell plasma membrane) that contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin. It also contains myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum and t-tubules.

A

Skeletal muscle fibers

84
Q

This muscle concraction has no change in length.

A

Isometric

85
Q

This muscle contraction has a change in length but no change in tension.

A

isotonic

86
Q

What are the 3 pathways ATP is made for muscle contraction and relaxation?

A
  1. Creatine phosphorylation
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Aerobis respiration
87
Q

This is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.

A

Motor unit

88
Q

Describe slow oxidative fibers.

A

red

slow contraction and slow velocity

89
Q

Describe fast oxidative fibers.

A

red/pink

fast contraction and intermediate velocity

90
Q

Describe fast glycolytic fibers.

A

white

fast contraction and fast velocity

91
Q

This is the part of the cell body that connects the axons.

A

axon hillock

92
Q

This is the cell membrane surrounding an axon. It is responsible for maintaining the membrane potential of the neuron.

A

Axolemma

93
Q

These are gaps in the neuron between schwann cells.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

94
Q

What role does myelin play in the speed of transmission of action potentials?

A

Myelination increases the speed of transmission of nerve impulses conduction.

95
Q

What types of channels are activated during EPSP?

A
  1. Ligand gated
  2. voltage
  3. mechanical
  4. leakage
96
Q

What is at work to maintain resting membrane potential?

A

Sodium potassium ion pump. K+ is most important for generating resting membrane potential.

97
Q

Which ions are moving into the cell during the phases of action potential?

A

Na+ moves into the cell during depolarization

98
Q

Which ions move out of the cell during the phases of action potential?

A

K+ moves out of the cell during repolarization

A&P 1141 (15 decks)

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