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A&P 1141 > Ch. 3 The Cell > Flashcards

Ch. 3 The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

____ are the basic structural and functional unit of life.

A

Cells

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2
Q

A cells _____ reveals its function.

A

Shape

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3
Q

The individual and collective activities of cells are necessary for ____ activity.

A

Organismal. Groups of cells such as muscle cells.

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4
Q

The biochemical activities of cells are dependent on their sub-cellular structures is known as

A

Principle of complementarity

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5
Q

Continuity of life is _____. Meaning what?

A

Cellular.

Cells can only arise from other cells

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6
Q

What are the three main parts of a human cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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7
Q

This is the outer boundary of the cell which acts as a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Plasma membrane

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8
Q

What are functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Separates the body’s major fluid components-extracellular and intercellular.
  2. Membrane transport
  3. Resting potential
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9
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Fluidic bilateral of phospholipids- 5% glycolipids 20% cholesterol
  2. Lipid rafts- stable regions
  3. Peripheral proteins- sit on the membrane
  4. Glycocalyx
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10
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Carbohydrate rich covering of outer membrane containing glycolipids and glycoproteins

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11
Q

What are the 6 categories of proteins and the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Transport- carries through cell
  2. Receptors- detect chemicals from ECF
  3. Attachment- attach to either ECF or cytoplasmic fluid and other proteins. Help hold in place
  4. Enzymatic- needed to help catalyze
  5. Intercellular- holds proteins together.
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12
Q

What are 4 specializations of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Microvilli
  2. Tight junctions
  3. Desmosomes
  4. Gap junctions
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13
Q

These are tiny fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane.

A

Microvilli

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14
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli?

A

To increase the surface area immensely in a small area without increasing the size of the cell.

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15
Q

Where are microvilli found?

A

Usually found in absorptive cells and inside the cytoskeleton.

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16
Q

This prevents molecules from passing through the intracellular space.

A

Tight junctions.

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17
Q

Right junctions are ____ to most larger molecules (but not some ions).

A

Impermeable

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18
Q

What are some examples of tight junctions?

A

Epithelial of digestive tract and the stomach- keeps acid inside

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19
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

They are anchoring junctions which reduce the chances of tissue tearing.

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20
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

They help tissue resist mechanical strain especially those in constant motion.

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21
Q

Which tissues are desmosomes found in?

A

Skin and heart muscle (tissues under mechanical strain)

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22
Q

These provide direct communication between cells.

A

Gap junctions

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23
Q

These are small openings allowing ions, simple sugars and small molecules to freely diffuse.

A

Gap junctions.

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24
Q

What is the function of gap junction?

A
  • Integral membrane proteins create a channel by passing plasma membrane.
  • coordinating structure- if one thing happens to a cell it passes to the next cell-talk to each other.
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25
Q

This is how things get into and out of cells.

A

Membrane transport.

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26
Q

What are the 4 types of membrane transport?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Filtration
  3. Active transport
  4. Vesicular transport
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27
Q

Which membrane transports require no energy?

A
  1. Diffusion

2. Filtration

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28
Q

Which membrane transports require energy?

A
  1. Active transport

2. Vesicular transport

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29
Q

What are the 4 types of diffusion?

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
    - Carriers
    - Chanel’s
  3. Osmosis
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30
Q

This is the tendency of molecules and ions to spread evenly throughout solution.

A

Diffusion

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31
Q

How do molecules move in diffusion?

A

Molecules and ions move down their concentration gradient until they reach equilibrium.

32
Q

Diffusion is influenced by what?

A

Size and temperature.
The smaller the particle the faster the diffusion.
The warmer the temperature the faster the diffusion.

33
Q

This type of diffusion is unassisted, non-polar and lipid soluble substances move directly through lipid bilayer.

A

Simple diffusion

34
Q

What are some examples of simple diffusion?

A
  • Oxygen constantly diffuses from the blood into the cells.
  • CO2 has a higher concentration in cells so it diffuses into the blood.

Higher concentration to lower concentration.

35
Q

This type of diffusion uses concentration gradient and no energy is required. The transported substance 1. Binds yo protein carriers in the meme range and is ferried across or 2. Moves through water filled channels.

A

Facilitated diffusion

36
Q

What are some examples of facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Glucose and other sugars
  • Amino acids
  • Ions
37
Q

These are transport membrane integral proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules that are too large to pass through membrane channels.

A

Carriers

38
Q

The more carriers the ____ the diffusion.

A

Faster

39
Q

Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion works into and ____ of the cell.

What’s an example?

A

Out

If too much glucose is in the cell they will be carried out.

40
Q

Carrier proteins change _____ to move binding site from one face of the membrane to the other.

A

Shape

41
Q

This type of facilitated diffusion uses channels that are transmembrane proteins that transport substances, usually ions or water through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other.

A

Channel mediated facilitated diffusion

42
Q

These types of channels are always open and allow ions and water to move according to the concentration gradient.

A

Leakage channels

43
Q

This type of channel is open it closed by chemical or electrical signal.

A

Gated channel

44
Q

This is diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane. It occurs when water concentration is unequal.

A

Osmosis.

45
Q

Capillaries most abundantly use ____ such as in the kidneys and red blood cells.

A

Osmosis

46
Q

Water moves freely and reversible through water specific channels constructed by transmembrane proteins called_____.

A

Aquaporins

47
Q

This is the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution.

A

Osmolarity

48
Q

This is the same solution inside of cells as outside of cells.

A

Isotonic

49
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure of water on a membrane.

50
Q

This is pressure to resist water flow.

A

Osmotic pressure

51
Q

Imbalances in osmolarity can cause what to the cell?

A

Imbalances causing swelling and shrinking.

52
Q

Higher osmolarity pulls water out of the cell causing shrinking.

A

Hypertonic

53
Q

Lower osmolarity, pushes water into the cell and swells it.

A

Hypotonic

54
Q

_____ is forcing water and solutes through a membrane.

A

Filtration

55
Q

Filtration uses what type of gradient?

A

Pressure gradient from high to low pressure.

56
Q

What are examples of filtration within the body?

A

Blood and kidneys.

57
Q

This type of transport requires carrier proteins and requires energy in the form of ATP.

A

Active transport.

58
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

Primary

Secondary

59
Q

What type of energy does primary active transport use? Secondary?

A

Directly uses ATP becomes hydrolyzed.

Ionic gradients to force “uphill”

60
Q

____ is movement of large particles, macromolecules and fluids across cellular membranes inside bubbles of plasma membrane containing items to be transported. It requires energy ATP and sometimes GTP.

A

Vesicular transport

61
Q

What is exocytosis?

A
  • Moves substances out of the cell into ECF.

- vesicle socks to membrane, fuses and releases substances and becomes part of membrane.

62
Q

What types of substances are released via exocytosis?

A

Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Mucus
Wastes

63
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Bringing substances into the cell.

64
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor- mediated endocytosis.
65
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

“cell eating”

  • A large external particle (protein, bacteria, dead cell debris) is surrounded by a pseudopod (“false foot”) and becomes enclosed in a vesicle.
  • This forms an endocytotic vesicle called a phagosome
66
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

“cell drinking” Fluid phase

  • Plasma membrane sinks beneath an external fluid droplet containing small solutes. Membrane edges fuse forming fluid filled vesicles.
  • Samples the ECF in cells that absorb nutrients such as those that line the intestines.
67
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A
  • Uses plasma membrane proteins to catch specific particles. Usually good things like iron or cholesterol that is needed.
  • Selective endocytosis and transcytosis.
  • External substances binds to membrane receptors.
68
Q

What is exocytosis?

A
  • Secretion of ejection of substances from a cell.
  • the cell is enclosed in a membranous vesicle, which fuses with the plasma membrane and ruptures, releasing the substance to the exterior.
69
Q

What is vesicular trafficking?

A

Vesicles pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo.

70
Q

This is when cells maintain voltage at membrane as consequence of ion imbalances. Cells have an ionic imbalance and the charge at the membrane can be measured.

A

Resting membrane potential

71
Q

Resting membrane potential depends on what ion?

A

K+ Potassium

72
Q

What is the range of voltage for resting membrane potential?

A

-50 to -100 millivolts (mV)

73
Q

How does resting membrane potential come about?

A

Diffusion causes ionic imbalances that polarize the membrane, and active transport processes maintain that membrane potential.

74
Q

___ diffuses out of the cell along its concentration gradient but the protein anions are unable to follow, and this lose of positive charges makes the membrane interior more negative.

A

K+

75
Q

This is a regulatory molecule that acts as a middleman or relat to activate or inactivate a membrane bound enzyme or ion channel.

A

G-protein

76
Q

G-protein uses ____ instead of ATP.

A

GTP

A&P 1141 (15 decks)

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