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A&P 1141 > Ch.11 Fundamentals of Nervous System and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Ch.11 Fundamentals of Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Gather information
  2. Process ad interpret information
  3. Respond to information
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2
Q

Nervous system only really deals with what?

A

Muscles

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3
Q

The nervous system is organized based on what 2 locations?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (95% of nervous tissue)

2. Peripheral nervous system (5%)

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4
Q

What are the 2 functions of PNS?

A

Sensory and motor

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5
Q

Integration/interpretation of information only occurs where?

A

CNS

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6
Q

Afferent means?

A

Bringing something to the CNS from PNS.

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7
Q

Efferent means?

A

Going out to muscles and glands of the body from CNS

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8
Q

Motor system is divided again into what 2 systems?

A

Somatic nervous system- skeletal muscles-voluntary

Autonomic Nervous System- involuntary muscles and glands.

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9
Q

Autonomic is divided into what 2 systems?

A
  1. Sympathetic Division- fight or flight– help supply the skeletal muscles with the chemicals needed to perform task
  2. Parasympathetic Division- resting and digesting. keep us running smoothly without much energy use. Sleep uses a lot of this division.
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10
Q

What are the two types of nervous system cells?

A
  1. neurons

2. (neuroglia)-glia

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11
Q

Neurons are the main functional cells what is their job>

A

Transmit information throughout the nervous system.

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12
Q

Glia are supportive their job is to…

A

protect and watch over the neurons.

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13
Q

What are the 6 types of Glia?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Ependymal Cells
  4. Oligodendtocytes
  5. Satelitte cells
  6. Schwann Cells
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14
Q

Which of the 6 types of Glia are part of the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Ependymal Cells
  4. Oligodendtocytes
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15
Q

Which of the 6 types of GLia are part of the PNS?

A
  1. Satelitte cells

6. Schwann Cells

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16
Q

This is the most abundant glia in the CNS that supports and braces neurons. It lines blood capillaries. Blood brain barrier.

A

Astrocytes

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17
Q

This glia is part of the CNS and monitors health of neurons. Serve as immune system of the CNS. Immune cells outside CNS have the tendency to be over active.

A

Microglia

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18
Q

This type of glia is part of the CNS lines central cavities of the brain and spinal cord. It circulates CSF throughout the CNS.

A

Ependymal Cells

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19
Q

This type of Glia is part of the CNA and wraps around thicker axons to create insulating myelin sheaths.

A

Oligodendrytes

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20
Q

This type of Glia is part of the PNS and surrounds neuron cell bodies (nucleus). Sort of the astrocytes on the outside.

A

Satellite Cells

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21
Q

This type of Glia is part of the PNS and forms myelin sheath.
Equivalent to the oligocendrocytes.

A

Schwann Cells

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22
Q

What are the 4 characteristics that define a neuron?

A
  1. Conduct electrical impulses
  2. Extreme longevity
  3. Amiotic
  4. High Metabolic Rates
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23
Q

What is the anatomy of the neuron?

A

Complex cell with a cell body and 1 or more processes

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24
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron called? Describe it.

A

Soma.

Contain all the normal organelles of a cell except for cenrioles.

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25
Q

The rough ER of a neuron cell body is called?

A

Nissl Bodies

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26
Q

There are many microtubles and neurofilaments in a neuron cell why?

A

To support the shape and stability, to transport along the processes.

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27
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in CNS are ____.

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS are ___.

A

Nuclei

Ganglia

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28
Q

These are arm like projections from neuron cell body.

A

Processes

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29
Q

Bundles of processes in the CNS are called ____.

Bundles of processes in the PNS are called _____.

A

Tracts

Nerves

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30
Q

What are the 2 types of processes?

A

Dendrites

Axons

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31
Q

These are short, tapering, branch like extensions almost like tree branches. They serve as the major receptive or input areas of the neuron because of their immense surface area.

A

Dendrites

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32
Q

Motor neurons have 100’s of _____.

A

dendrites

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33
Q

These are thorn like projections from dendrites.

A

dendritic spines.

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34
Q

Dendrites conduct information to cell body by ____ ____. (not action potentials)

A

Graded potentials

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35
Q

These are long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells

A

Axons

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36
Q

There are only ___ axons per neuron.

A

1

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37
Q

Axons extend from where?

A

Axon hillock

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38
Q

Axons are uniform in width until the ___ ___.

A

Terminal branches

39
Q

Long axons are called what in the PNS?

A

Nerve Fibers

40
Q

Axons can branch and end in 1000’s of ___ ____.

A

Terminal branches

41
Q

What is the branch of an axon called?

A

Axon collaterals.

42
Q

What is the end of the axon branch called?

A

Terminal Branch or synaptic boutons

43
Q

This is the conducting region of the neuron. It generates nerve impulses (action potentials) and transmits them away from cell body to the axon terminal to the next neuron.

A

Axons

44
Q

The axon terminal is also the ____ region of the neuron. When impulse reaches terminal neurotransmitters are released to excite or inhibit the next cell.

A

secretory

45
Q

These are many long or large axons coated with a white fatty segmented covering called what?

A

Myelin sheath

46
Q

Myelin protects and insulates ____ increasing the speed of transmission.

A

axons

47
Q

This is the portion of Schwann cell containing nucleus and most of cytoplasm, on the outside surface of myelin sheath.

A

Neurilemma

48
Q

These are the gaps between Schwann cells where the axon is exposed.

A

Node of Ranvier

49
Q

In the CNS all the myelin is packed together is called

A

White Matter

50
Q

Lots of cell bodies and dendrites, un-myelinated dendrites in the CNS is called.

A

Grey Matter

51
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Unipolar
52
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory (Afferent)
  2. Motor (Efferent)
  3. Interneuron or association neuron
53
Q

This is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the functioning of the nervous system.

A

Neurophysiology

54
Q

When stimulated neurons generate ____ ____ (action potential) that travel the length of the axon.

A

electrical impulses

55
Q

The action potential is always the ____ no matter what stimulus started it.

A

same

56
Q

Opposite electrical charges attract in the body ____ is required to keep them separate. When opposite charges come together energy is released.

A

energy

57
Q

This is the measure of potential energy caused by the separation of electrically charged particles.

A

Voltage

58
Q

This is the difference in voltage between 2 points.

A

Potential

59
Q

This is the flow of electrical charge from one point to another.

A

Current

60
Q

This is a hinderance to charge flow.

A

Resistance

61
Q

What is Ohms Law?

A

current=voltage/resistance

62
Q

Electrical currents in the body are the movement of ___.

A

Ions

63
Q

Stored energy that can be used to do work.

A

Potential energy

64
Q

Cells of the body can move ions to seperate ____ and ____ charges.

A

positive

negative

65
Q

This has many large proteins that serve as channels for ions to enter and leave the cell.

A

Membrane Ion Channels

66
Q

Most Membrance Ion Channels are “gated” which means what?

A

They are blocked and waiting for the right “key” or signal.

67
Q

These Membrane Ion Channels require a chemical “key”.

A

Ligand-Gated Channel

68
Q

These Membrane Ion Channels require Changes in membrane potential.

A

Voltage Gated Channels

69
Q

These Membrane Ion Channels require physical deformation (touch and pressure receptors).

A

Mechanically Gated Channels

70
Q

These Membrane Ion Channels are always open.

A

Leakage Channels

71
Q

Ions move along concentration and electrical gradients ( electrochemical gradients)

A

Voltage Gated Ion Channels

72
Q

Movement of ions creates what?

A

electrical current

73
Q

The inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside.

A

Resting membrane potential.

74
Q

What is the membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

A

-70mV

75
Q

Membrane is impermeable to large anionic molecules (A-). _____ is most important for generating resting membrane potential.

A

Potassium (K+)

76
Q

How can membrane potential be altered?

A
  • Change the permeability or movement of Ions across the membrane.
  • Change ion concentration
77
Q

What are the two types of membrane potential signals?

A
  1. Graded potentials

2. Action potentials

78
Q

These are incoming signals that are a short distance.

A

Graded potenitals.

79
Q

What are the 2 types of graded potential?

A
  1. Depolarization

2. Hyperpolarization

80
Q

This is where the membrane becomes more positive than at rest and increases the chance of nerve impulse.

A

Depolarization

81
Q

This is where the membrane becomes more negative than at rest and decreases the chance of a nerve impulse.

A

Hyperpolarization

82
Q

Current decreases in magnitude with distance from a stimulus and flows in all directions away from the stimulus.

A

Graded potential

83
Q

What causes a graded potential?

A

Opening a gated ion channel

84
Q

When stimulus is a neurotransmitter, graded potential is called what?

A

Postsynaptic potential

85
Q

Only excitable membranes can generate this type of potential?

A

Action

86
Q

This is the brief reversal of membrane potential. (-70mV to +30mV)

A

Action potential

87
Q

Which gated channel does action potential use which opens and closes allowing Na+ and K+ to move.

A

Voltage Gated Channels

88
Q

During action potential events this is when the voltage gated channel is closed.

A

Resting state

89
Q

During action potential events this is increased Na+ permeability and reversal of membrane potential.

A

Depolarization

90
Q

During action potential events the decrease in Na+ permeability as slower inactivation gate closes in the channel. Increase in K+ permeability as voltage gated K+ channels open and K+ rushes out of neuron.

A

Repolarization phase

91
Q

During action potential events, K+ efflux undershoots resting membrane potential (after hyperpolarization)

A

Hyperpolarizing phase

92
Q

The repolarization restores what?

A

Electrical Balance

93
Q

The sodium potassium pump restores what?

A

Ion Balance

A&P 1141 (15 decks)

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