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A&P 1141 > Ch. 13 PNS and Reflex Activity > Flashcards

Ch. 13 PNS and Reflex Activity Flashcards

1
Q

These are receptors within the PNS that if stimulated they will generate graded potentials that can activate an action potential.

A

Sensory receptors.

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2
Q

This is any change in environment that activates a receptor.

A

Stimulus

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3
Q

Sensory receptors are classified in what 3 ways?

A
  1. Stimulus Type
  2. Stimulus Location
  3. Stimulus Structure
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4
Q

What are the 5 types of stimulus?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptor
  2. Thermoreceptor
  3. Photoreceptor
  4. Chemoreceptor
  5. Nociceptor
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5
Q

This stimulus type generates nerve impulses when a mechanical force is applied.

A

Mechanoreceptor

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6
Q

This stimulus type senses temperature changes.

A

Thermoreceptor

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7
Q

This stimulus type responds to light energy.

A

Photoreceptor

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8
Q

This stimulus type responds to chemicals in solution (smell, tastes, changed to internal fluid chemistry.

A

Chemoreceptor

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9
Q

This stimulus type responds to damaging stimulus and can be interpreted as painful.

A

Nociceptors

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10
Q

These sensory receptors respond to stimuli from outside the body.

A

Exteroceptors

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11
Q

These sensory receptors respond to stimuli from inside the body.

A

Interoceptors

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12
Q

These sensory receptors respond to stimuli inn the muscles and joints.

A

Proprioceptors

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13
Q

These sensory receptors are modified dendrites of sensory neurons. There are uncapsulated and encapsulated.

A

Simple

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14
Q

The structure of these sensory neurons are localized collections of cells associated with special senses and sense organs such as the eyes, ears, gates and olfactory bulbs.

A

Complex

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15
Q

This simple structure of sensory neurons are free nerve endings (temperature and pain) associated with skin sensory such as Merkel discs and hair follicle receptors.

A

Unencapsulated

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16
Q

This simple structure of sensory neurons are usually more sensitive and are wrapped around these and contain meissners corpuscles (discriminative touch), pacinian corpuscles (vibration), Ruffini endings (constant pressure), muscle spindles (muscle stretch), golgi tendon organs (muscles stretch), joint kinesthetic receptors (joint stretch).

A

Encapsulated

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17
Q

This is awareness of changes in the environment- activated receptor (PNS)

A

Sensation

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18
Q

This is conscious interpretation of stimuli. Turns change in environment into meaning (CNS)

A

Perception

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19
Q

What are the two types of nerves (axons) that carry into and from the CNS?

A

Mixed nerves

Ganglia

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20
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue structures that help protect the nerves (axons)?

A
  1. Endoneurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Epineurium
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21
Q

This is a delicate layer of connective tissue that surrounds each Myelin sheath. Most deep.

A

Endoneurium

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22
Q

This is a group of axons (fascicles) wrapped by a coarser connective tissue layer. It wraps around bundles of nerve fibers within a single nerve.

A

Perineurium

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23
Q

This is a tough fibrous connective tissue surrounding all fascicles of a nerve. Outermost layer.

A

Epineurium

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24
Q

This type of nerve contains axons carrying sensory and motor impulses. This is all spinal nerves.

A

Mixed nerves

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25
Q

This is group of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS. It is mostly sensory neurons.

A

Ganglia

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26
Q

This is the regrowth or repair of nerves. Typically only occurs in the PNS because there are no astrocytes. Damage is usually due to a crushing injury.

A

Regeneration of nerves.

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27
Q

Which end of the axon is able to regenerate?

A

The proximal end that is still attached to the cell body.

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28
Q

This part of the axon degenerated when damaged. The macrophages clean out the dead axon distal to the injury.

A

Distal axon

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29
Q

What happens when the axon regrows?

A

Axon sprouts or filaments grow through a regeneration tube formed by Schwann cells.

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30
Q

What happens when the myelin sheath is repaired?

A

The axon regenerates and a new myelin sheath forms.

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31
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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32
Q

2 cranial nerves originate in the ______.

10 cranial nerves originate in the _______.

A

Forebrain- telencephalon/cerebrum

Brainstem- midbrain, pons, medulla

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33
Q

What is the pneumonic to remember the 12 cranial nerves?

A

On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny. Very Good Vehicle Any How.

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34
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves.

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
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35
Q

Name the pneumonic that gives the cranial nerves functions.

A 
Some
Say
Marry
Money
But
My
Brother
Says
Big 
Boobs
Matter
More
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36
Q

What do the first letters in the functions pneumonic mean?

A

S- sensory function
M- motor function- no sensory
B- both motor and sensory

37
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

38
Q

Spinal nerves are mixed nerves meaning what?

A

They both have sensory and motor

39
Q

What are the spinal nerves named for? And how many are there of each?

A 
For their corresponding spinal cord level
8 cervical
12 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
40
Q

Spinal nerves are short and divide into what?

A

C, L and sacrum go to Dorsal Ramus- back muscles
T goes to Ventral ramus- front and limbs
Meningeal branch

41
Q

Ventral rami join to for nerve plexuses in order to do what?

A

Innervate the arms and legs.

42
Q

All nerves innervate the limbs except for which spinal nerves?

A

T2-T12

43
Q

How many plexuses are there?

A

4
2 for upper body
2 for lower body

44
Q

The neck contains which plexus? And what does it innervate?

A

Cervical plexus

Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm. (C3-5)

45
Q

This connects rami together so that individual fibers can come off.

A

Plexuses

46
Q

What are the 4 plexus?

A
  1. Cervical plexus and upper limb
  2. Brachial plexus
  3. Lumbosacral plexus and lower limb
  4. Sacral plexus
47
Q

The brachial plexus is formed by which ventral rami?

A 
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
48
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

From shoulder to fingers

49
Q

What are the 5 nerves of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Axillary nerve
  2. Musculocutaneous nerve
  3. Median nerve
  4. Ulnar nerve
  5. Radial nerve
50
Q

This brachial nerve serves the rotator cuff, the deltoid and teres muscle, skin and joint capsule of shoulder

A

Axillary nerve

51
Q

This brachial nerve serves the upper flexor at the elbow including biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, cutaneous sensation of lateral forearm.

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

52
Q

This brachial nerve serves the flexor muscles and lateral muscles of the palm and wrist (middle, pointer and thumb).

A

Median nerve

53
Q

This brachial nerve serves the hand muscles and skin of the hand

A

Ulnar nerve

54
Q

This brachial nerve serves the extensor muscles of upper limb.

A

Radial nerve

55
Q

These plexuses overlap extensively and are often considered together.

A

Lumbar and sacral

56
Q

The lumbar plexus is L1-L4 and has what two major nerves?

A
  1. Femoral nerve

2. Obturator nerve

57
Q

This lumbosacral nerve innervates the quadriceps (thigh flexors and knee extensors)

A

Femoral nerve

58
Q

This lumbosacral nerve innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh.

A

Obturator nerve

59
Q

The sacral plexus is L4-S4 and contains which 4 nerves?

A
  1. Sciatic nerve
  2. Tibial nerve
  3. Superior and inferior gluteal nerves
  4. Pudendal nerve
60
Q

This sacral nerve innervates the muscles of the entire lower limb except for the anterolateral leg. It is the largest nerve of the body.

A

Sciatic nerve

61
Q

This sacral nerve innervates the knee joint, skin of the lateral calf, dorsum of foot and anterolateral muscles of the leg.

A

Tibial nerve

62
Q

This sacral nerve innervates the gluteal muscles.

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves

63
Q

This sacral nerve innervates voluntary control of urination, muscles and skin of perineum and erections.

A

Pudendal nerve

64
Q

These are segments of skin innervates by each spinal nerve except for C1 which is for internal sensory information only.

A

Dermatomes

65
Q

These are synaptic connections between neurons and muscles.

A

Neuromuscular junctions

66
Q

These are varicosities (swelling of axons) along axons over visceral muscles and glands.

A

En passant synapses

67
Q

What are the 3 levels of motor control?

A
  1. Segmental level
  2. Projection level
  3. Precommand level
68
Q

This motor integration level is the spinal cord circuits and contains central patter generators (CPGs).

A

Segmental level

69
Q

This motor integration level is the upper motor neurons ( primary motor cortex and brain stem nuclei). It conveys instructions to spinal cord motor neurons and sends a copy of that information to higher levels.

A

Projection level

70
Q

This motor integration level is the cerebellum and basal nuclei. It programs and instructs and is modified by feedback

A

Precommand level

71
Q

This is the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between. It requires no conscious control.

A

Reflex arc

72
Q

These are reflexes mediated by the spinal cord. The brain is informed of these reflexes.

A

Spinal reflexes

73
Q

This is 3-10 intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. It’s job is to detect the stretch of muscle.

A

Muscle spindle

74
Q

The muscle spindle is innervates by what motor neurons?

A

Gamma

75
Q

There are 2 types of sensory fibers that wrap the muscle spindle. What are they?

A

Type Ia fibers

Type II fibers

76
Q

These are primary sensory fiber endings that respond to rage and degree of stretch.

A

Type Ia

77
Q

These are secondary sensory fiber endings that’s respond only to the degree of stretch.

A

Type II

78
Q

These are skeletal muscle fibers that aren’t found in muscle spindle and are innervates my alpha motor neurons.

A

Extrafusal fibers

79
Q

The most common stretch reflex is what?

A

Patellar or knee jerk reflex

80
Q

These fibers transmit the stretch in a stretch reflex which activates motor neurons of the muscles and inhibits motor neurons of antagonistic muscles.

A

Afferent

81
Q

These are small bundles of tendon surrounded by a capsule and innervated by sensory fibers and are located in tendons of the muscles.

A

Golgi tendon organs

82
Q

The golgi tendon is the opposite from stretch reflexes is what way?

A

It relaxes muscles in response to stretch by inhibiting motor neurons and activating antagonistic muscles

83
Q

This type of reflex is usually accompanied by crossed- extensor reflex. It occurs because noxious stimulus causes flexion of the limb (ipsilateral) and to maintain balance the crosses- extensor reflexes (contralateral).

A

Withdrawal reflex or crossed-extensor reflex

84
Q

At the site of stimulus of a crossed extensor reflex, a noxious stimulus causes a flexor reflex on the same side withdrawing the limb. At the same time what happens on the opposite side?

A

The extensor muscles on the opposite side are activated.

85
Q

This type of reflex are responses to gentle cutaneous stimulation.

A

Superficial reflexes

86
Q

This type of superficial reflex tests integrity of spinal cord from L4-S2. Curling of the toes when a blunt object brushes downward in the bottom of the foot.

A

Plantar reflex

87
Q

This is dorsi flexion of the great toe and smaller toes fan out. Occurs in infants under one year because the axons from the brain haven’t finished growing to the feet yet.

A

Babinski’s sign

88
Q

This type of superficial reflex induces contraction of the abdominal muscles of stroking of the skin around the umbilicus occurs. Often a response to tickling.

A

Abdominal reflexes

A&P 1141 (15 decks)

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