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A&P 1141 > Ch. 9&11 Review Questions > Flashcards

Ch. 9&11 Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

This consists of the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle fiber.

A

Neuromuscular junction

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2
Q

From what neuron do axons originate?

A

Motor neuron

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3
Q

This is a microscopic space separating an axon terminal from a muscle fiber.

A

Synaptic cleft

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4
Q

These are small membranous sacs filled with the neurotransmitter (ACh) acetylcholine in which they release.

A

Synaptic vesicles

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5
Q

This is a folded region of sarcolemma under the axon terminal. It contains ACh receptors.

A

Motor end plate

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6
Q

This breaks down ACh to prevent overstimulation of muscle fibers.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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7
Q

This occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon away from the cell body. They are caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane.

A

Action Potential

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8
Q

During depolarization which ion is moving?

A

Na+

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9
Q

What is repolarization and which ion is moving?

A

Repolarization is restoration of the initial polarized state (resting membrane potential).
K+ ion is moving

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10
Q

This is a period where a cell cannot be stimulated again (usually during repolarization)

A

Refractory period

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11
Q

How does the action potential activate contraction (E-C coupling)?

A

Action potential spreads along the sarcolemma and down the t tubule.

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12
Q

Does ATP cause contraction or relaxation in the muscle fiber?

A

Relaxation

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13
Q

What is the motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.

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14
Q

A muscle does not change in length but changes in tension with this type contraction.

A

Isometric

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15
Q

A muscle changes length but not in tension with this type of contraction.

A

Isotonic

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16
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A

Concentric

Eccentric

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17
Q

With this type of isotonic contraction, muscle tension rises to meet the resistance but then remains stable as the muscle shortens.

A

Concentric

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18
Q

With this type of isotonic contraction muscle lengthens as the resistance becomes greater than the force the muscle is producing.

A

Eccentric contraction

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19
Q

This is an increase in the frequency with which a muscle is stimulated increases the strength of contraction.

A

Wave summation

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20
Q

This is rapid stimulation which creates sustained and quivering contractions. Incomplete.

A

Unfused tetanus

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21
Q

This is stimulation that is fast enough for all evidence of muscle relaxation to disappear. Complete.

A

Fused tetanus

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22
Q

This is multiple motor unit summation.

A

Recruitment

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23
Q

Motor units recruited in order from smallest muscle fiber to largest is called?

A

Size principle

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24
Q

What are the 3 pathways for regenerating ATP in muscle fiber?

A
  1. ADP and creative phosphate
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Aerobic respiration
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25
Q

This type of pathway for regenerating ATP uses no oxygen and it’s energy source is creating phosphate.

A

ADP and creatine phosphate

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26
Q

This type of pathway for regenerating ATP uses no oxygen and it’s energy source is glucose.

A

Glycolysis

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27
Q

This type of pathway for regenerating ATP uses oxygen and it’s energy sources include, glucose, pyruvic acid, free fatty acids from adipose, amino acids from protein catabolism.

A

Aerobic respiration

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28
Q

What 4 characteristics affect the force (strength) of muscle contractions?

A
  1. Number of muscle fibers stimulated
  2. Relative size of stimulation
  3. Frequency of stimulation
  4. Degrees of muscle stretch
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29
Q

What are the 3 muscle fiber types?

A
  1. Slow oxidative fibers
  2. Fast oxidative fibers
  3. Fast glycolytic fibers
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30
Q

This type of muscle fiber is slow in duration and velocity and are red.

A

Slow oxidative fibers

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31
Q

This type of muscle fiber is fast in velocity and contraction and is white.

A

Fast oxidative fibers

Fast glycolytic fibers

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32
Q

What are the 2 layers of smooth muscle tissue?

A
  1. Longitudinal- long axis of organ

2. Circular- circumference of organs

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33
Q

What movement do the 2 layers of smooth muscle tissue produce?

A

Peristalsis

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34
Q

How does activation of smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

A

Smooth muscle has

  • no neuromuscular junctions
  • no sarcomeres
  • the nerve endings end in varicosities
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35
Q

How do the myofilaments differ in smooth muscle?

A

Smooth muscle has myosin heads along the entire length and can form additional cross bridges and latch on to actin.

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36
Q

How does contraction differ in smooth muscle vs skeletal muscle?

A

Smooth muscle has gap junctions which tell one to contract then sends signal to the next all the way down a line. Example small intestine.

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37
Q

What mechanism controls smooth muscle contraction?

A

Neural

Hormones and local factors

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38
Q

Smooth muscle can adapt to new lengths and still contract on demand. There is no sarcomeres you can stretch and release and will go back to its original self. It is more flexible and responsive than skeletal. This describes what?

A

Stress-relaxation response

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39
Q

This is the ability of smooth muscle cells to divide and increase their numbers.

A

Hyperplasia

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40
Q

What are the 2 types of smooth muscle tissue?

A
  1. Single unit visceral

2. Multiunit smooth muscle

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41
Q

This type of smooth muscle tissue the cells contract rhythmically and together as a unit.

A

Single unit visceral

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42
Q

This type of smooth muscle tissue has muscle fibers that are structurally independent and have many nerve endings. Their response to neural stimulation is graded (recruitment).

A

Multi-unit smooth muscle

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43
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Respond to information-motor output
  2. Gather information- sensory input
  3. Process and interpret information- integration
44
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the nervous system and their functions?

A
  1. Central nervous system- brain and spinal cord

2. Peripheral nervous system

45
Q

What are the 2 cell types of nervous tissue?

A
  1. Neurons

2. Neuralgia or glia

46
Q

This cell type is excitable cells that transmit electrical signals.

47
Q

This type of nervous cell is a supporting cell that surrounds and wraps neurons.

A

Glia (neuralgia)

48
Q

What are the 6 types of glia?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Ependymal
  4. Oligodendrocytes
  5. Schwann cells
  6. Satellite cell
49
Q

Which of the 6 type of glia are part of the CNS and which are part of the PNS?

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, and oligodenrocytes are part of the CNS

Schwann cells and satellite cells are part of the PNS.

50
Q

This type of glia is the most abundant. It supports and braces neurons and lines blood capillaries.

A

Astrocytes

51
Q

This type of glia monitors the health of neurons and serves as the immune system of the CNS.

52
Q

This type of glia lines central cavities of the brain and spinal cord. It circulated CNS fluid.

53
Q

This type of glia wraps around thicker axons to create insulating myelin sheaths.

A

Oligodendrocytes

54
Q

This type of glia surrounds neuron cell bodies (astrocytes).

A

Satellite cells

55
Q

This type of glia forms myelin sheaths in the PNS (oligodendrocytes).

A

Schwann cells

56
Q

What are the 4 characteristics that define a neuron?

A
  1. Conduct electrical impulses
  2. Extreme longevity- function optimally got a lifetime.
  3. Amniotic- can’t divide to make more
  4. High metabolic rate- require continuous and abundant supplies of nutrients and oxygen
57
Q

What are the 2 parts of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body (soma)

2. Processes

58
Q

This part of a neuron contains all the normal organelles of a cell except for centrioles.

A

Cell body or soma

59
Q

This part of a neuron is an arm like projection from the neuron cell body. There are 2 types.

60
Q

What are the 2 types of neuron processes?

A
  1. Dendrites

2. Axons

61
Q

Rough ER referred to as nissl bodies. Has many microtubules and microfilaments to maintain shape and stability. This describes characteristics of what?

62
Q

These are short tapering branch like extensions off a neural body or soma. They are the receptive region of the neuron.

63
Q

These can branch and end in 1000s of terminal branches. Impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells. There is one per neuron.

64
Q

This is a white, fatty, segmented covering. It protects and insulated axons, which increases the speed of transmission.

A

Myelin sheath

65
Q

Which cells are responsible for making myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

66
Q

Which cells are responsible for making myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

67
Q

This is a gap between Schwann cells where axon is exposed.

A

Node of Ranvier

68
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Unipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Multipolar
69
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of a neuron?

A
  1. Sensory- afferent
  2. Motor- efferent
  3. Interneuron/Association
70
Q

What are the 4 membrane ion channel classes?

A
  1. Ligand gated channels
  2. Voltage gated channels
  3. Mechanically gated channels
  4. Leakage channels
71
Q

This membrane ion channel requires a chemical “key”.

A

Ligand gated channel

72
Q

This membrane ion channel requires changes in membrane potential

A

Voltage gated channels

73
Q

This membrane ion channel requires physical deformation (touch and pressure receptors).

A

Mechanically gated channel

74
Q

This membrane ion channel is always open.

A

Leakage channel

75
Q

What is the membrane resting potential in a neuron?

A

Inside of the neuron has more negative charge than the outside.

76
Q

Which ion is responsible for generating the resting membrane potential?

77
Q

K+ effluent undershirts resting membrane potential. The membrane becomes more negative than at rest and decreases charge of nerve impulse.

A

Hyperpolarization

78
Q

Increased Na+ permeability and reversal of membrane potential is called what? The membrane becomes more positive and increases the chance of nerve impulse.

A

Depolarization

79
Q

These are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none. Current decreases in magnitude with distance from stimulus.

A

Graded potential

80
Q

What occurs during the 4 stages of an action potential?

A
  1. Resting state
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Hyperpolarization
81
Q

What occurs during the resting state of an action potential?

A

Voltage gated channel is closed

82
Q

What occurs during the depolarization state of an action potential?

A

Increased Na+ permeability

83
Q

What occurs during the repolarization stage of an action potential?

A

Decreased Na+ permeability and increase K+ permeability.

84
Q

What occurs during the hyperpolarization stage of an action potential?

A

K+ efflux undershoots membrane potential.

85
Q

What restores the electrical balance and what restores the ion balance?

A

Repolarization restores the electrical balance.

Sodium potassium pump restores the ion balance.

86
Q

These are periods where a cell cannot be stimulated again (usually during repolarization).

A

Refractory period

87
Q

What are the two major types of synapses?

A
  1. Electrical

2. Chemical

88
Q

What is the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron?

A

Presynaptic is the sending neuron.

Postsynaptic is the receiving neuron.

89
Q

This type of synapse has cells that are electrically coupled. Ions flow directly from one cell to another. Gap junctions.

A

Electrical synapse.

90
Q

This type of synapse is release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters. There are two parts including axon terminal of presynaptic neuron and receptor region of postsynaptic neuron.

A

Chemical synapse

91
Q

What are the 2 postsynaptic potentials?

A
  1. Excitatory postsynaptic synapses (EPSP)
  2. Inhibitory postsynaptic synapses.
    (IPSP)
92
Q

This postsynaptic potential allows Na+ and K+ to flow freely across the membrane leads to small depolarization.

A

Excitatory synapses

93
Q

This postsynaptic potential allows K+ or Cl- to flow. It creates small hyperpolarization.

A

Inhibitory synapse

94
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Before postsynaptic potentials dissipates a second postsynaptic potential is added to it.

95
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Postsynaptic potentials from all parts of the neuron are added together at the same time.

96
Q

This is repeated or continuous use of a synapse enhancing presynaptic neurons ability to excite postsynaptic neurons.

A

Synaptic potentiation

97
Q

This is the release of excitatory neurotransmitter is inhibited by an anoaxonic synapse from another neuron.

A

Presynaptic inhibition

98
Q

What are the 6 chemical classes of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Biogenic amines
  3. Amino acids
  4. Peptides
  5. Purines
  6. Dissolved gases
99
Q

What is an example of biogenic amines?

A

Catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin and histamines

100
Q

What is an example of amino acids?

A

Glycine
Aspartame
Glutamate

101
Q

What are examples of peptides?

A

Substance P

Endorphins

102
Q

What are examples of purines?

A

Adenine
Guanine
ATP

103
Q

What are examples of dissolved gases?

A 
Nitric oxide (NO)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
104
Q

What are the functional classes of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Excitatory- glutamate
  2. Inhibitory- GABA and glycine
  3. Direct- bind to ion channels
  4. Indirect- bind to receptors that activate 2nd messengers
105
Q

What are the 2 neurotransmitter receptor types and how do they differ?

A
  1. Channel linked receptor

2. G-protein linked receptors

A&P 1141 (15 decks)

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