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A&P 1141 > Ch. 9 Muscle and Muscle Tissue pt.2 > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Muscle and Muscle Tissue pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Muscle must be stimulated by a ____ ending in order contract. This is what phase?

A

Nerve

Phase 1

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle sends the stimulus to contract along the ____ as an electrical current (action potential). This is phase?

A

Sarcolemma

Phase 2

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3
Q

Describe the steps of phase one where motor neuron stimulates muscle fiber.

A
  1. Action potential arrives at the axon terminal at neruomuscular junction.
  2. ACh released and binde to receptors on sarolemma
  3. Ion permealbilty of sarcolemma changes
  4. Local change in membrane voltage (depolarization occurs
  5. Local depolarization end plate potienial) ignites AP in sarcolemma
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4
Q

Describe the steps of phase 2

A
  1. AP travels across the entire sarcolemme
  2. AP travels along t tubules
  3. SR releases Ca2+ and it binds to troponin, myosin binding sites (active sites) on actin exposed.
  4. Myosin heads bind to actin, contraction begins.
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5
Q

These stimulate muscle cells to contrat found in the brain and spinal cord.

A

motor neuron

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6
Q

these are long thread like extensions f neurons within the nerves to the muscle cell

A

motor axons

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7
Q

Axon ending terminal on a single muscle fiber.

A

neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

Small membranous sacs filled with neurotransmitter (acetylcholine (ACh))

A

synaptic vesicle

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9
Q

Folded region of sarcolemma under axon terminal which contain ACh receptors

A

motor end plate

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10
Q

Enzyme that breaks down ACh to prevent overstimulation of muscle fiber.

A

Acetylcholinestrase

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11
Q

Microscopic space separating axon terminal from muscle fiber.

A

Synaptic cleft.

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12
Q

All cells are polarized or nonpolarized?

A

polarized

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13
Q

The resting membrane potential is _____ in muscle fibers.

A

Negative

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14
Q

Depolarization of the sarcolemma becomes less ____. And it spreads like ripples on a pond less and less negative as each ripple gets larger.

A

Negative

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15
Q

Restoration of initial polarized state (negative outside, positive outside) (resting membrane potential)

A

Repolarization

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16
Q

Period where a cell cannot be stimulated again (usually during repolarization)

A

Refractory period

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17
Q

Principles governing muscle fiber contraction and wile muscle contraction of many fibers is basically the same.

A

Whole Muscle Contration

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18
Q

Force exerted on an object by muscle contraction.

A

Muscle Tension

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19
Q

Force exerted on a muscle by the weight of an object.

A

Load

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20
Q

Muscle does not change in length but tension builds to peak tension.

A

Isometric contraction

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21
Q

Muscle tension does not change but length does- 2 types are shortens or lengthens.

A

Isotonic contraction

Concentric and Eccentric

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22
Q

Muscles contract with varying ___ and for different periods of time.

A

Force

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23
Q

An action potential in the skeletal muscle cell is what triggers muscle cell contraction

A

Excitation Contraction (E-C) Coupling

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24
Q

What is pulling the actin toward the middle of the sarcomere?

A

myosin

25
Q

When myosin sees ATP it does not have to pull on the actin and the ATP lets the myosin ____ from actin.

A

Release

26
Q

If you run out of ATP entirely what happens.?

A

All the muscles die. A few seconds after death is when ATP runs out so where ever you are contracted is how you will say. Rigor mortise.

27
Q

Axons of motor neurons extend from ___ to ___.

A

Spinal cord to the muscle

28
Q

Branching axon terminals form what?

A

Neuromuscular Junction

One per muscle fiber

29
Q

Graphic recording of contractile activity.

A

Myogram

30
Q

Response of a motor unit to a single action potential.

A

muscle twitch

31
Q

E-C coupling, beginning at contraction.

A

Latent period

32
Q

From onset of contraction to peak tension.

A

Period of contraction

33
Q

Calcium reentry into SR.

A

Period of relaxation

34
Q

Adding twitch contractions from rapid stimulation of the muscle.

A

Wave summation

35
Q

Rapid stimulation creates a sustained and quivering contraction.

A

Unfused (incomplete) tetanus

36
Q

Stimulation is fast enough for all evidence of muscle relaxation to disappear.

A

Fused (complete) tetanus

37
Q

To create smooth continuous contractions, number of motor units does not change.

A

Function

38
Q

Contractions of whole muscles which can vary in terms of their strength and degree of contraction.

A

Graded muscle response

39
Q

Multiple motor unit summation.

A

Recruitment

40
Q

Stimulus where contraction is observable.

A

Threshold stimulation

41
Q

All muscles motor units recruited.

A

Maximal Stimulus

42
Q

Motor units recruited in order from smallest muscle fibers to largest muscle fibers.

A

Size principle

43
Q

Relaxed muscles are slightly contracted keeping muscles ready to respond to stimuli, help to stabilized joints, and to maintains posture.

A

Muscle tone

44
Q

Muscle shortens.

A

Concentric

45
Q

Muscle lengthens.

A

Eccentric

46
Q

The consumption of energy by all cells, including those of muscle tissue, to perform work. ATP provides energy for cross bridge movement, only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP in muscle fibers.

A

Muscle Metabolism

47
Q

What are the 3 pathways to generate ATP for muscle metabolism?

A
  1. ADP and creatine phosphate
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Aerobic Respiration
48
Q

This is coupled reaction of creatine phosphate and ADP with an energy source of CP and no oxygen required.

A

Direct phosphorylation

49
Q

This is glycolysis and lactic acid formation with an energy source of glucose and no oxygen required.

A

Anaerobic pathway

50
Q

This is aerobic cellular respiration. The energy required is glucose, pyuric acid, free fatty acids from adipose tissue, and amino acids from protein catabolism. Oxygen is required.

A

Aerobic pathway

51
Q

Inability of muscles to contract while receiving stimulation.

A

Muscle Fatigue

52
Q

Cramps, lack of ATP leads to a continuous contraction.

A

Contracture

53
Q

Anaerobic muscle contraction create a backlog of oxygen demand that must be repaid.

A

Oxygen Debt

54
Q

Force of muscle contractions affected by what 4 things.

A
  • Number of muscle fibers stimulates
  • Relative size of fibers
  • Frequency of stimulation
  • Degree of muscle stretch
55
Q

These form the walls of all the body’s hollow organs (except the heart).

A

Smooth muscle

56
Q

Smooth muscle has two layers that create a squeezing motion called what?

A

peristalsis

57
Q

What are the two layers of smooth muscle called?

A
  1. Longitudinal- long axis of the organ

2. Circular- circumference of the organ

58
Q

Smooth muscle has what instead of neuromuscular junctions.

A

Varicosities at the nerve endings.

59
Q

Smooth muscle has what instead of sarcomeres?

A

Longer thick and thin filaments arranged diagonally that resist tension anchored by dens bodies.

A&P 1141 (15 decks)

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