final exam review Flashcards
epenthesis
insertion of an additional phoneme during speech
coalescence
2 phonemes combined into 1
swim & tree = fim & fee
vocalization
vowelization
a syllabic liquid is replaced w/ a vowel
able –> abuh
paper –> apo
cluster reduction
deletion of one element of a cluster
plane –> pane
3 yrs intelligibility
95% understood by strangers
consonant age of acquisition
3-4 yrs
age of complete acquisition
8-9 yrs
relational analysis
evaluation of sounds relative to adult standard
for children w/ more developed vocabs
informal screening
not standardized or normal references
tailored to specific pop of interest
clinician determines if the person “passes”
more inclusive of dialect & speech community of origin
informal screening examples
spontaneous speech & convo
respond to questions
reading standard passage
repeating standard set of words / sentences
formal screening
standardized / norm references
published format
age ranges
provide more stringent criteria for continuing
might need in order to send to insurance
goals of speech sound assessment
determine if intervention is needed
determine focus of therapy
determine prognosis
monitor change
identify factors that may be related to the disorder
comprehensive phonological speech sound assessment
much more in depth than screening measures
usually employs several different measures / instruments & sampling procedures
different measures of comprehensive speech sound assessment
all areas of language
hearing
oral mechanism
case history
voice quality
fluency
resonance
Goldman-Fristoe
measures consonants produced & # of errors
dysarthria cause
muscle weakness, paralysis, or incoordination
due to damage in nervous system
- stroke
- TBI
- cerebral palsy
dysarthria characteristics
speech may sound slurred, slow, monotonous, or have abnormal pitch or ludness
errors are consistent & directly related to the physical limitations of the speech muscles (lips, tongue, diaphragm)
affects both voluntary & involuntary speech movements
dysarthria impact
impacts all aspects of speech production
respiration
phonation
articulation
resonance
prosody
dysarthria treatment
strengthening muscles
improving breath support
compensatory strategies
apraxia cause
motor planning disorder
caused by damage to the brain, not muscle weakness
stroke
neurodegenerative disorder
apraxia characteristics
difficulty planning & coordinating the precise movements needed for speech
speech errors inconsistent - person might say a word correctly once & struggle w/ it again moments later
common errors:
groping for sounds
substitution or deletion
disrupted prosody
apraxia impact
mainly affects voluntary speech movements
automatic speech (like counting) may remain intact
apraxia treatment
repetitive practce
motor planning exercises
childhood apraxia of speech cause
neurological disorder affecting motor planning for speech
present from early childhood
often w/ no clear brain lesions or injury
CAS characteristics
similar to apraxia but occurs in children & affects developmental speech patterns
difficulty sequencing sounds & syllables
inconsistent errors
problems w/ prosody (stress)
limited babbling as infants & slow speech development overall
CAS impact
can severely impact speech intelligibility
PA - making literacy harder
CAS treatment
intensive, frequent, & individualized speech therapy
motor planning
multisensory cueing
sequence for therapy
antecedent event
response
consequent event
antecedent event
stimuli designed to elicit a response
verbal model, pictures, instructions
response
targeted behaviors
approximation to correct productions in complex contexts
consequent event
feedback following a response
what’s the best approach for a child with multiple phoneme errors
cyclical
SLPs are experts in what
phonetics
