final exam review

Question 1

epenthesis

Answer 1

insertion of an additional phoneme during speech

Question 2

coalescence

Answer 2

2 phonemes combined into 1

swim & tree = fim & fee

Question 3

vocalization

Answer 3

vowelization

a syllabic liquid is replaced w/ a vowel

able –> abuh
paper –> apo

Question 4

cluster reduction

Answer 4

deletion of one element of a cluster

plane –> pane

Question 5

3 yrs intelligibility

Answer 5

95% understood by strangers

Question 6

consonant age of acquisition

Answer 6

3-4 yrs

Question 7

age of complete acquisition

Answer 7

8-9 yrs

Question 8

relational analysis

Answer 8

evaluation of sounds relative to adult standard

for children w/ more developed vocabs

Question 9

informal screening

Answer 9

not standardized or normal references

tailored to specific pop of interest

clinician determines if the person “passes”

more inclusive of dialect & speech community of origin

Question 10

informal screening examples

Answer 10

spontaneous speech & convo

respond to questions

reading standard passage

repeating standard set of words / sentences

Question 11

formal screening

Answer 11

standardized / norm references

published format

age ranges

provide more stringent criteria for continuing

might need in order to send to insurance

Question 12

goals of speech sound assessment

Answer 12

determine if intervention is needed

determine focus of therapy

determine prognosis

monitor change

identify factors that may be related to the disorder

Question 13

comprehensive phonological speech sound assessment

Answer 13

much more in depth than screening measures

usually employs several different measures / instruments & sampling procedures

Question 14

different measures of comprehensive speech sound assessment

Answer 14

all areas of language

hearing

oral mechanism

case history

voice quality

fluency

resonance

Question 15

Goldman-Fristoe

Answer 15

measures consonants produced & # of errors

Question 16

dysarthria cause

Answer 16

muscle weakness, paralysis, or incoordination

due to damage in nervous system
- stroke
- TBI
- cerebral palsy

Question 17

dysarthria characteristics

Answer 17

speech may sound slurred, slow, monotonous, or have abnormal pitch or ludness

errors are consistent & directly related to the physical limitations of the speech muscles (lips, tongue, diaphragm)

affects both voluntary & involuntary speech movements

Question 18

dysarthria impact

Answer 18

impacts all aspects of speech production

respiration
phonation
articulation
resonance
prosody

Question 19

dysarthria treatment

Answer 19

strengthening muscles

improving breath support

compensatory strategies

Question 20

apraxia cause

Answer 20

motor planning disorder

caused by damage to the brain, not muscle weakness

stroke
neurodegenerative disorder

Question 21

apraxia characteristics

Answer 21

difficulty planning & coordinating the precise movements needed for speech

speech errors inconsistent - person might say a word correctly once & struggle w/ it again moments later

common errors:
groping for sounds
substitution or deletion
disrupted prosody

Question 22

apraxia impact

Answer 22

mainly affects voluntary speech movements

automatic speech (like counting) may remain intact

Question 23

apraxia treatment

Answer 23

repetitive practce

motor planning exercises

Question 24

childhood apraxia of speech cause

Answer 24

neurological disorder affecting motor planning for speech

present from early childhood

often w/ no clear brain lesions or injury

Question 25

CAS characteristics

Answer 25

similar to apraxia but occurs in children & affects developmental speech patterns

difficulty sequencing sounds & syllables
inconsistent errors
problems w/ prosody (stress)

limited babbling as infants & slow speech development overall

Question 26

CAS impact

Answer 26

can severely impact speech intelligibility

PA - making literacy harder

Question 27

CAS treatment

Answer 27

intensive, frequent, & individualized speech therapy

motor planning

multisensory cueing

Question 28

sequence for therapy

Answer 28

antecedent event

response

consequent event

Question 29

antecedent event

Answer 29

stimuli designed to elicit a response

verbal model, pictures, instructions

Question 30

response

Answer 30

targeted behaviors

approximation to correct productions in complex contexts

Question 31

consequent event

Answer 31

feedback following a response

Question 32

what’s the best approach for a child with multiple phoneme errors

Answer 32

cyclical

Question 33

SLPs are experts in what

Answer 33

phonetics