series of open-closed vowel segments CV ma, ba, da

chapter 3 pt 2 Flashcards by elise beckman

behaviorism contributors

Watson
Skinner
Pavlov

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behavorism

use imitation & reinforcement

babies produce the sounds they do because they imitate the sounds they hear & get reinforcement for doing so

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generative phonology contributor

Noam Chomsky

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generative phonology

underlying representation of sound & the rules they operate under to produce speech

children’s job to learn the rules & relevant features

innate

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natural phonology contributor

Stampe

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natural phonology

phonological processes substituted for a class/sequence of hard sounds

substitution made w/ easier sounds

children;s underlying representation is adult-like

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nonlinear phonology contributor

Goldsmith

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nonlinear phonology

made up of things on many different levels
word features, articulatory & motor function

speech & language cannot be separated –> speech production develops as language matures

separated into prosodic & segmental tiers

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sonority hypothesis contributors

old theory

contemporary research = Ladefoged

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sonority hypothesis

children get rid of the least sonorant consonants (stops & fricatives)

& keep the most sonorant

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optimality theory contributors

Prince
Smolensky

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optimality theory

constraints –> markedness & faithfulness

children’s job is to learn the ranking of the rules
increase faithfulness constraints & decrease markedness

errors are not arbitrary

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constraints

features children pay attention to

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faithfulness constraints

sounds/features that must preserved in order for speech to be intelligible

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markedness constraints

production limitations

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psycholinguistics theory

explanation of phonological development, not just description

happens between input & output

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stage 1: reflexive vocalization

0-2 mos

crying
fussing

mouth open during cry
tongue touches soft palate

infant cannot:
voluntarily direct tongue position
sustain vocalization in non-cry sounds

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stage 2: control of phonation

1-4 mos

vowel & consonant like sounds
raspberries, clicks, laughter

infants can sustain vocalization in non-cry sounds

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stage 3: expansion

3-8 mos

increase in oral cavity size

sustained vocalizations more vowel like

child produces 2+ vowels in a row

squeals

marginal babbling

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marginal babbling

series of open-closed vowel segments

ma, ba, da

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Stage 4: basic canonical syllables

5-10 mos

canonical babbling

whispers

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canonical babbling

series of speech like CV syllable & single CV syllables

reduplicated & non-reduplicated

magaga, googoomee

stage 5: advanced forms

9-18 mos

different consonants, vowels, & syllable types
complex syllables
jargon
phonetically consistent forms (PCF)

mirror ambient language

babbling used in repetitive sounds & rituals

early 8 consonants

/m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/

My big jellyfish needs way deeper pants, hilarious!

middle 8 consonants

/t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, tʃ, dʒ/ Tiny nongs kick giant furry vampires chucking jelly

late 8 consonants

/ʃ, θ, s, z, ð, l, ɹ, ʒ/ She thinks smart zebras this lunes ran (into) Jacques

velar assimilation

nonvelar becomes velar due to neighboring velar sound duck --> guck

stopping

fricatives &/or affricates realized as stops sun --> tun

fronting

velars realized as sounds produced farther forward in velar cavity (usually alveolar) car --> tar

deaffrication

affricates realized as fricatives church --> shursh

gliding

liquids replaced by a glide or another liquid rabbit --> wabbit

weak syllable deletion

deletion of the unstressed syllable banana --> nana

final consonant deletion

deletion of the final consonant in the word dog --> do

cluster reduction

deletion of one element of cluster plane --> pane

labial assimilation

a sound is changed to a labial sound because of another labial sound in the word bug --> bup bub --> bup

alveolar assimilation

a non-alveolar sound is changed to an alveolar sound top --> tod top --> tot

prevocalic voicing

a voiceless sound becomes voiced before a vowel pie --> bie ten --> den

devoicing

ride --> rite

vocalization

a syllabic liquid is replaced w/ a vowel paper --> apo able --> abuh

reduplication

the syllable of a target word is repeated creates a multi-syllabic form bottle --> baba

phonic

relationships between sounds & letters

phonological awareness

ability to break down speech into smaller units very helpful for early literacy rhyming first, then segmentation & blending slowly

what % of consonants produced correctly at 2 yrs

70%

what % of consonants produced correctly at 6 yrs

95%

what % of consonantclusters produced correctly at 2 yrs

22% 78% incorrect

intelligibility is a dyadic construct

influenced by both speaker & listener

intelligibility at 2 yrs

80% to parents

intelligibility at 3 yrs

80% to strangers

true words

phonetic relationship to adult form

phonetically consistent forms

child must use word consistently in presence of particular situation or object

inventory constraints

sounds the child produces

positional constraints

sounds in syllable positions

sequence constraints

restrictions in co-occurrence of sounds