chapter 4

Question 1

vowels

Answer 1

phonemes pronounced w/out constriction or blockage of airflow in the vocal tract

Question 2

how many vowel phonemes in english

Answer 2

14

Question 3

what is the primary articulator for vowels

Answer 3

tongue

Question 4

how are vowels categorized

Answer 4

tongue height
tongue advancement
lip rounding

Question 5

tongue height

Answer 5

high
mid
low

Question 6

tongue advancement

Answer 6

front
central
back

Question 7

tense vowels

Answer 7

longer in duration

more muscular effort

can end stressed open syllable (“he” , /hi/)

Question 8

tense vowels examples

Answer 8

/i/ /u/

Question 9

lax vowels

Answer 9

shorter

less effort

do not occur in stressed open syllables (“him” w/out /m/ does not exist)

Question 10

lax vowel examples

Answer 10

/ɪ/ /ʊ/

Question 11

vowel quadrilateral

Answer 11

represents the height & advancement of vowels

vowels plotted based on tongue placement

Question 12

diphthongs

Answer 12

vowels that have 2 distinct articulatory positions during phonation

Question 13

onglide

Answer 13

1st position

low position

Question 14

offglide

Answer 14

2nd position

higher position

Question 15

nasalized vowels

Answer 15

occur before nasalized consonants

rim –> /ɹɪm/
sing –> /sɪŋ/

Question 16

point vowels

Answer 16

4 corners of vowel quadrilateral

Question 17

untstressed /ə/
About

Answer 17

stressed /ʌ/
bUd

Question 18

unstressed /e/
rebAte

Answer 18

stressed /eɪ/
wAY

Question 19

unstressed /ɚ/
buttER

Answer 19

stressed /ɝ/
bIRd

Question 20

unstressed /o/
Okay

Answer 20

stressed /oʊ/
nO

Question 21

are diphthongs tense or lax, generally

Answer 21

tense

Question 22

r-colored vowels

Answer 22

/ɹ/ influences the vowel that comes before it

Question 23

noon rhotic accent

Answer 23

don’t pronounce the /ɹ/ after vowels