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CS&D 315 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

dialect

A

regional or social variety of a language

distinct pronunciation, grammar, or vocab

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2
Q

IPA

A

system for phonetic notation designed to represent all sounds in human speech

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3
Q

phonetics

A

study of the production & perception of speech sounds

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4
Q

phonology

A

study of how speech sounds are ogranized in the mind & used to convey meaning

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5
Q

importance of phonetics

A

understanding the mechanics of speech sounds

aids in study of linguistics, speech pathology, & language learning

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6
Q

role of IPA

A

provides consistent & universal way to represent sounds

accurate communication & analysis of spoken language across dialects & languages

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7
Q

variation in transcription practice

A

dialectal variation

broad vs narrow

personal preference

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8
Q

benefits of unicode

A

ensures compatibility & readability of phonetic symbols across digital platforms

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9
Q

allograph

A

different letters or letter combos representing the same sound

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10
Q

allophone

A

variations of a phoneme that do not change word meaning

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11
Q

broad transcription

A

only includes essential sounds w/out additional details

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12
Q

closed syllable

A

ends w/ a consonant sound

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13
Q

coda

A

consonant(s) that follow the vowel in a syllable

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14
Q

complementary distribution

A

different allophones occur in a specific phonetic environments & never in the same environment

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15
Q

consonant cluster

A

a sequence of 2+ consonants in the same syllable

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16
Q

diacritic

A

small mark added to a phonetic symbol to modify its pronunciation

narrow transcription

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17
Q

digraph

A

a pair of letters representing a single sound

“sh” in “shoe”

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18
Q

free variation

A

interchangeable use of allophones in the same environment w/out changing word meaning

released or unreleased /p/ in “keep”

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19
Q

grapheme

A

letter or letter combo representing a sound in a writing system

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20
Q

impressionistic transcription

A

used when transcriber doesn’t know the language (or for a severe speech disorder)

always narrow

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21
Q

minimal pair

A

pair of words differing by only one phoneme

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22
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit of meaning in a language

free - can stand alone
bound - cannot stand alone

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23
Q

narrow transcription

A

includes diacritics to show more precise sound variations

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24
Q

nucleus

A

central part of the syllable

vowel

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25
onset
initial consonant(s) of a syllable before vowel
26
open syllable
ends w/ a vowel sound no coda
27
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language
27
syllabic consonant
consonant that functions as the nucleus of a syllable "m" in "chasm"
28
syllable
unit of speech w/ a vowel sound at its core onset + rhyme
29
rhyme
nucleus + coda
30
word class
category of words w/ similar grammatical properties
31
word stress
emphasis placed on a syllable in a word
32
abduction
vocal folds move apart
33
adduction
vocal folds move together add
34
alveolar ridge
bony ridge behind upper front teeth
35
alveolar phonemes
sounds produced by contacting tongue to alveolar ridge
36
apex of the tongue
tip
37
articulation
physical production of speech sounds using the vocal tract
38
arytenoid cartilages
cartilages in the larynx that control the movement of the vocal folds
39
back of tongue
posterior portion of the tongue used in velar sounds
40
bernoulli effect
as air rushes through the glottis drop in air pressure pulls the vocal folds back together
41
bilabial phonemes
sounds produced by bringing both lips together
42
blade of tongue
just behind apex (tip)
43
body of tongue
main mass of tongue used in vowel production
44
central incisors
front teeth used in production of dental sounds
45
cricoid cartilage
ring shaped cartilage in the larynx
46
dental (interdental) phonemes
sounds produced by placing tongue between teeth
47
diaphragm
muscle that separates chest from abdomen
48
diaphragm during inhalation
contracts, lowers, & expands ribacage
49
dorsum of tongue
back of tongue
50
epiglottis
flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering trachea during swallowing
51
external intercostal muscles
used during inhalation
52
front of tongue
anterior portion used in producing front vowels
53
fundamental frequency
basic rate of vocal fold vibration
54
glottal phonemes
sounds produced at the glottis
55
glottis
space between vocal folds
56
habitual pitch
pitch most often used during speech
57
(hard) palate
hard roof of the mouth behind alveolar ridge
58
hyoid bone
bone that supports tongue & larynx
59
internal intercostal muscles
muscles used during exhalation
60
labial phonemes
sounds produced w/ the lips
61
labiodental phonemes
produced by placing lower lip against upper teeth
62
larynx
structure that houses vocal folda
63
lingual phonemes
produced w/ the tongue
64
mandible
lower jaw
65
maxilla
upper jaw
66
nares
nostrils
67
nasal cavity
hollow space behind the nose
68
nasal phonemes
produced w/ ariflow through the nose
69
oral cavity
mouth
70
oral phonemes
produced w/ airflow thorugh mouth
71
palatal phonemes
produced by contacting hard palate
72
pharynx
throat part of the vocal tract
73
phonation
process of producing sound via vocal fold vibration
74
quality
characteristic of sound as determined by its resonance
75
resonance
amplification & modification of sound by vocal tract
76
root of tongue
base like in throat
77
soft palate / velum
soft part of roof of mouth moves to close off nasal cavity
78
thoracic cavity
chest cavity
79
thyroid cartilage
cartilage in the larynx forms adam's apple
80
timbre
quality or totrne of voice
81
trachea
winpipe
82
velopharyngeal closure
closure of velum against back wall of throat for oral sounds
83
voiced
produced w/ vocal fold vibration
84
voiceless
produced w/out vocal fold vibration
85
respiratory
system for breathing
86
laryngeal
system for phonation
87
supralaryngeal
system for articulation
88
derhotacization
loss of r-coloring in an r sound
89
diphthong
a vowel sound that glides from one position to another within the same syllable
90
lax
a vowel produced w/ less muscular tension shorter in duration
91
monophthong
single, pure sound vowel
92
nasalization
additionof nasal resonance to a sound usually vowels
93
offglide
2nd sound in a diphthong higher
94
onglide
1st sound in a diphthong lower
95
affricate
consonant sound that begins w/ a stop & releases into a fricative
96
approximant
consonant sound produced w/ little obstruction in the vocal tract
97
bunched r
method of producing r tonguw bunched in middle of the mouth
98
cognate
sounds that share 2/3 of the same consonant qualities
99
fricative
consonant produced by forcing air thorugh a narrow constriction turbulence
100
glide
consonant sound similar to a vowel involves gliding movement of articulators
101
glottal stop
sound made by complete closure of the vocal folds then releasing the closure allophone of t
102
homorganic
sound that share the same place of articulation
103
homotypic
sounds that share the same manner of articulation
104
intervocalic
sound that occurs between 2 vowels
105
lateral
sound produced by allowing air to flow along sides of the tongue
106
nasal plosion
release of air through the nose after a stop consonant
107
non resonant consonant
produced w/ turbulent airflow fricatives, stops
108
obstruent
consonants that obstruct airflow stops, fricatives, affricates
109
resonant consonant
produced w/ a relatively open vocal tract nasals, liquids, glides
110
retroflex r
method of producing r tongue curled back
111
sonorant consonant
voiced & producedw/ relatively open vocal tract
112
stop (plosive)
completely blocking airflow then releasing it
113
tap
allophone of t tap tongue against alveolar ridge "butter"
114
assimilation
sound becomes more like a neighboring sound
115
citation form
careful production of an isolated word
116
coarticulation
overlapping articulatory processes in the production of speech
117
connected speech
continuous, fluid form of speech sound influence each other
118
elision
omission of a sound friends --> frens
119
epenthesis
insertion of a sound hamster --> hampster
120
content word
word that carries meaning noun, verb, adjective
121
function word
word that serves grammatical purpose prepositions, conjunctions
122
given info
info that is already known or assumed by listener
123
new info
info that is being introduced for the first time
124
intonational phrase
segment of speech that carries its own pitch rising or falling
125
metathesis
switching of sounds within a word ask --> aks
126
progressive assimilation
sound influences following sound
127
regressive assimilation
sound influences a preceding sound
128
sentence stress
emphasis placed on certain words in a sentence
129
suprasegmental
features of speech beyond individual sounds intonation, stress, rhythm

CS&D 315 (17 decks)

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