exam 1 Flashcards
dialect
regional or social variety of a language
distinct pronunciation, grammar, or vocab
IPA
system for phonetic notation designed to represent all sounds in human speech
phonetics
study of the production & perception of speech sounds
phonology
study of how speech sounds are ogranized in the mind & used to convey meaning
importance of phonetics
understanding the mechanics of speech sounds
aids in study of linguistics, speech pathology, & language learning
role of IPA
provides consistent & universal way to represent sounds
accurate communication & analysis of spoken language across dialects & languages
variation in transcription practice
dialectal variation
broad vs narrow
personal preference
benefits of unicode
ensures compatibility & readability of phonetic symbols across digital platforms
allograph
different letters or letter combos representing the same sound
allophone
variations of a phoneme that do not change word meaning
broad transcription
only includes essential sounds w/out additional details
closed syllable
ends w/ a consonant sound
coda
consonant(s) that follow the vowel in a syllable
complementary distribution
different allophones occur in a specific phonetic environments & never in the same environment
consonant cluster
a sequence of 2+ consonants in the same syllable
diacritic
small mark added to a phonetic symbol to modify its pronunciation
narrow transcription
digraph
a pair of letters representing a single sound
“sh” in “shoe”
free variation
interchangeable use of allophones in the same environment w/out changing word meaning
released or unreleased /p/ in “keep”
grapheme
letter or letter combo representing a sound in a writing system
impressionistic transcription
used when transcriber doesn’t know the language (or for a severe speech disorder)
always narrow
minimal pair
pair of words differing by only one phoneme
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning in a language
free - can stand alone
bound - cannot stand alone
narrow transcription
includes diacritics to show more precise sound variations
nucleus
central part of the syllable
vowel
onset
initial consonant(s) of a syllable
before vowel
open syllable
ends w/ a vowel sound
no coda
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language
syllabic consonant
consonant that functions as the nucleus of a syllable
“m” in “chasm”
syllable
unit of speech w/ a vowel sound at its core
onset + rhyme
rhyme
nucleus + coda
word class
category of words w/ similar grammatical properties
word stress
emphasis placed on a syllable in a word
abduction
vocal folds move apart
adduction
vocal folds move together
add
alveolar ridge
bony ridge behind upper front teeth
alveolar phonemes
sounds produced by contacting tongue to alveolar ridge
apex of the tongue
tip
articulation
physical production of speech sounds using the vocal tract
arytenoid cartilages
cartilages in the larynx that control the movement of the vocal folds
back of tongue
posterior portion of the tongue
used in velar sounds
bernoulli effect
as air rushes through the glottis
drop in air pressure pulls the vocal folds back together
bilabial phonemes
sounds produced by bringing both lips together
blade of tongue
just behind apex (tip)
body of tongue
main mass of tongue used in vowel production
central incisors
front teeth
used in production of dental sounds
cricoid cartilage
ring shaped cartilage in the larynx
dental (interdental) phonemes
sounds produced by placing tongue between teeth
diaphragm
muscle that separates chest from abdomen
diaphragm during inhalation
contracts, lowers, & expands ribacage
dorsum of tongue
back of tongue
epiglottis
flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering trachea during swallowing
external intercostal muscles
used during inhalation
front of tongue
anterior portion
used in producing front vowels
fundamental frequency
basic rate of vocal fold vibration
glottal phonemes
sounds produced at the glottis
glottis
space between vocal folds
habitual pitch
pitch most often used during speech
(hard) palate
hard roof of the mouth
behind alveolar ridge
hyoid bone
bone that supports tongue & larynx
internal intercostal muscles
muscles used during exhalation
labial phonemes
sounds produced w/ the lips
labiodental phonemes
produced by placing lower lip against upper teeth
larynx
structure that houses vocal folda
lingual phonemes
produced w/ the tongue
mandible
lower jaw
maxilla
upper jaw
nares
nostrils
nasal cavity
hollow space behind the nose
nasal phonemes
produced w/ ariflow through the nose
oral cavity
mouth
oral phonemes
produced w/ airflow thorugh mouth
palatal phonemes
produced by contacting hard palate
pharynx
throat
part of the vocal tract
phonation
process of producing sound via vocal fold vibration
quality
characteristic of sound as determined by its resonance
resonance
amplification & modification of sound by vocal tract
root of tongue
base
like in throat
soft palate / velum
soft part of roof of mouth
moves to close off nasal cavity
thoracic cavity
chest cavity
thyroid cartilage
cartilage in the larynx
forms adam’s apple
timbre
quality or totrne of voice
trachea
winpipe
velopharyngeal closure
closure of velum against back wall of throat
for oral sounds
voiced
produced w/ vocal fold vibration
voiceless
produced w/out vocal fold vibration
respiratory
system for breathing
laryngeal
system for phonation
supralaryngeal
system for articulation
derhotacization
loss of r-coloring in an r sound
diphthong
a vowel sound that glides from one position to another within the same syllable
lax
a vowel produced w/ less muscular tension
shorter in duration
monophthong
single, pure sound vowel
nasalization
additionof nasal resonance to a sound
usually vowels
offglide
2nd sound in a diphthong
higher
onglide
1st sound in a diphthong
lower
affricate
consonant sound that begins w/ a stop & releases into a fricative
approximant
consonant sound produced w/ little obstruction in the vocal tract
bunched r
method of producing r
tonguw bunched in middle of the mouth
cognate
sounds that share 2/3 of the same consonant qualities
fricative
consonant produced by forcing air thorugh a narrow constriction
turbulence
glide
consonant sound similar to a vowel
involves gliding movement of articulators
glottal stop
sound made by complete closure of the vocal folds then releasing the closure
allophone of t
homorganic
sound that share the same place of articulation
homotypic
sounds that share the same manner of articulation
intervocalic
sound that occurs between 2 vowels
lateral
sound produced by allowing air to flow along sides of the tongue
nasal plosion
release of air through the nose after a stop consonant
non resonant consonant
produced w/ turbulent airflow
fricatives, stops
obstruent
consonants that obstruct airflow
stops, fricatives, affricates
resonant consonant
produced w/ a relatively open vocal tract
nasals, liquids, glides
retroflex r
method of producing r
tongue curled back
sonorant consonant
voiced & producedw/ relatively open vocal tract
stop (plosive)
completely blocking airflow then releasing it
tap
allophone of t
tap tongue against alveolar ridge
“butter”
assimilation
sound becomes more like a neighboring sound
citation form
careful production of an isolated word
coarticulation
overlapping articulatory processes in the production of speech
connected speech
continuous, fluid form of speech
sound influence each other
elision
omission of a sound
friends –> frens
epenthesis
insertion of a sound
hamster –> hampster
content word
word that carries meaning
noun, verb, adjective
function word
word that serves grammatical purpose
prepositions, conjunctions
given info
info that is already known or assumed by listener
new info
info that is being introduced for the first time
intonational phrase
segment of speech that carries its own pitch
rising or falling
metathesis
switching of sounds within a word
ask –> aks
progressive assimilation
sound influences following sound
regressive assimilation
sound influences a preceding sound
sentence stress
emphasis placed on certain words in a sentence
suprasegmental
features of speech beyond individual sounds
intonation, stress, rhythm
