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CS&D 315 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

dialect

A

regional or social variety of a language

distinct pronunciation, grammar, or vocab

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2
Q

IPA

A

system for phonetic notation designed to represent all sounds in human speech

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3
Q

phonetics

A

study of the production & perception of speech sounds

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4
Q

phonology

A

study of how speech sounds are ogranized in the mind & used to convey meaning

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5
Q

importance of phonetics

A

understanding the mechanics of speech sounds

aids in study of linguistics, speech pathology, & language learning

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6
Q

role of IPA

A

provides consistent & universal way to represent sounds

accurate communication & analysis of spoken language across dialects & languages

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7
Q

variation in transcription practice

A

dialectal variation

broad vs narrow

personal preference

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8
Q

benefits of unicode

A

ensures compatibility & readability of phonetic symbols across digital platforms

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9
Q

allograph

A

different letters or letter combos representing the same sound

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10
Q

allophone

A

variations of a phoneme that do not change word meaning

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11
Q

broad transcription

A

only includes essential sounds w/out additional details

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12
Q

closed syllable

A

ends w/ a consonant sound

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13
Q

coda

A

consonant(s) that follow the vowel in a syllable

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14
Q

complementary distribution

A

different allophones occur in a specific phonetic environments & never in the same environment

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15
Q

consonant cluster

A

a sequence of 2+ consonants in the same syllable

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16
Q

diacritic

A

small mark added to a phonetic symbol to modify its pronunciation

narrow transcription

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17
Q

digraph

A

a pair of letters representing a single sound

“sh” in “shoe”

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18
Q

free variation

A

interchangeable use of allophones in the same environment w/out changing word meaning

released or unreleased /p/ in “keep”

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19
Q

grapheme

A

letter or letter combo representing a sound in a writing system

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20
Q

impressionistic transcription

A

used when transcriber doesn’t know the language (or for a severe speech disorder)

always narrow

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21
Q

minimal pair

A

pair of words differing by only one phoneme

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22
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit of meaning in a language

free - can stand alone
bound - cannot stand alone

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23
Q

narrow transcription

A

includes diacritics to show more precise sound variations

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24
Q

nucleus

A

central part of the syllable

vowel

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25
Q

onset

A

initial consonant(s) of a syllable

before vowel

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26
Q

open syllable

A

ends w/ a vowel sound

no coda

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27
Q

phoneme

A

smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language

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27
Q

syllabic consonant

A

consonant that functions as the nucleus of a syllable

“m” in “chasm”

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28
Q

syllable

A

unit of speech w/ a vowel sound at its core

onset + rhyme

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29
Q

rhyme

A

nucleus + coda

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30
Q

word class

A

category of words w/ similar grammatical properties

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31
Q

word stress

A

emphasis placed on a syllable in a word

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32
Q

abduction

A

vocal folds move apart

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33
Q

adduction

A

vocal folds move together

add

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34
Q

alveolar ridge

A

bony ridge behind upper front teeth

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35
Q

alveolar phonemes

A

sounds produced by contacting tongue to alveolar ridge

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36
Q

apex of the tongue

A

tip

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37
Q

articulation

A

physical production of speech sounds using the vocal tract

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38
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A

cartilages in the larynx that control the movement of the vocal folds

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39
Q

back of tongue

A

posterior portion of the tongue

used in velar sounds

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40
Q

bernoulli effect

A

as air rushes through the glottis

drop in air pressure pulls the vocal folds back together

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41
Q

bilabial phonemes

A

sounds produced by bringing both lips together

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42
Q

blade of tongue

A

just behind apex (tip)

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43
Q

body of tongue

A

main mass of tongue used in vowel production

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44
Q

central incisors

A

front teeth

used in production of dental sounds

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45
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

ring shaped cartilage in the larynx

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46
Q

dental (interdental) phonemes

A

sounds produced by placing tongue between teeth

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47
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle that separates chest from abdomen

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48
Q

diaphragm during inhalation

A

contracts, lowers, & expands ribacage

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49
Q

dorsum of tongue

A

back of tongue

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50
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering trachea during swallowing

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51
Q

external intercostal muscles

A

used during inhalation

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52
Q

front of tongue

A

anterior portion

used in producing front vowels

53
Q

fundamental frequency

A

basic rate of vocal fold vibration

54
Q

glottal phonemes

A

sounds produced at the glottis

55
Q

glottis

A

space between vocal folds

56
Q

habitual pitch

A

pitch most often used during speech

57
Q

(hard) palate

A

hard roof of the mouth

behind alveolar ridge

58
Q

hyoid bone

A

bone that supports tongue & larynx

59
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

muscles used during exhalation

60
Q

labial phonemes

A

sounds produced w/ the lips

61
Q

labiodental phonemes

A

produced by placing lower lip against upper teeth

62
Q

larynx

A

structure that houses vocal folda

63
Q

lingual phonemes

A

produced w/ the tongue

64
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw

65
Q

maxilla

A

upper jaw

66
Q

nares

A

nostrils

67
Q

nasal cavity

A

hollow space behind the nose

68
Q

nasal phonemes

A

produced w/ ariflow through the nose

69
Q

oral cavity

A

mouth

70
Q

oral phonemes

A

produced w/ airflow thorugh mouth

71
Q

palatal phonemes

A

produced by contacting hard palate

72
Q

pharynx

A

throat

part of the vocal tract

73
Q

phonation

A

process of producing sound via vocal fold vibration

74
Q

quality

A

characteristic of sound as determined by its resonance

75
Q

resonance

A

amplification & modification of sound by vocal tract

76
Q

root of tongue

A

base

like in throat

77
Q

soft palate / velum

A

soft part of roof of mouth

moves to close off nasal cavity

78
Q

thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity

79
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

cartilage in the larynx

forms adam’s apple

80
Q

timbre

A

quality or totrne of voice

81
Q

trachea

A

winpipe

82
Q

velopharyngeal closure

A

closure of velum against back wall of throat

for oral sounds

83
Q

voiced

A

produced w/ vocal fold vibration

84
Q

voiceless

A

produced w/out vocal fold vibration

85
Q

respiratory

A

system for breathing

86
Q

laryngeal

A

system for phonation

87
Q

supralaryngeal

A

system for articulation

88
Q

derhotacization

A

loss of r-coloring in an r sound

89
Q

diphthong

A

a vowel sound that glides from one position to another within the same syllable

90
Q

lax

A

a vowel produced w/ less muscular tension

shorter in duration

91
Q

monophthong

A

single, pure sound vowel

92
Q

nasalization

A

additionof nasal resonance to a sound

usually vowels

93
Q

offglide

A

2nd sound in a diphthong

higher

94
Q

onglide

A

1st sound in a diphthong

lower

95
Q

affricate

A

consonant sound that begins w/ a stop & releases into a fricative

96
Q

approximant

A

consonant sound produced w/ little obstruction in the vocal tract

97
Q

bunched r

A

method of producing r

tonguw bunched in middle of the mouth

98
Q

cognate

A

sounds that share 2/3 of the same consonant qualities

99
Q

fricative

A

consonant produced by forcing air thorugh a narrow constriction

turbulence

100
Q

glide

A

consonant sound similar to a vowel

involves gliding movement of articulators

101
Q

glottal stop

A

sound made by complete closure of the vocal folds then releasing the closure

allophone of t

102
Q

homorganic

A

sound that share the same place of articulation

103
Q

homotypic

A

sounds that share the same manner of articulation

104
Q

intervocalic

A

sound that occurs between 2 vowels

105
Q

lateral

A

sound produced by allowing air to flow along sides of the tongue

106
Q

nasal plosion

A

release of air through the nose after a stop consonant

107
Q

non resonant consonant

A

produced w/ turbulent airflow

fricatives, stops

108
Q

obstruent

A

consonants that obstruct airflow

stops, fricatives, affricates

109
Q

resonant consonant

A

produced w/ a relatively open vocal tract

nasals, liquids, glides

110
Q

retroflex r

A

method of producing r

tongue curled back

111
Q

sonorant consonant

A

voiced & producedw/ relatively open vocal tract

112
Q

stop (plosive)

A

completely blocking airflow then releasing it

113
Q

tap

A

allophone of t

tap tongue against alveolar ridge

“butter”

114
Q

assimilation

A

sound becomes more like a neighboring sound

115
Q

citation form

A

careful production of an isolated word

116
Q

coarticulation

A

overlapping articulatory processes in the production of speech

117
Q

connected speech

A

continuous, fluid form of speech

sound influence each other

118
Q

elision

A

omission of a sound

friends –> frens

119
Q

epenthesis

A

insertion of a sound

hamster –> hampster

120
Q

content word

A

word that carries meaning

noun, verb, adjective

121
Q

function word

A

word that serves grammatical purpose

prepositions, conjunctions

122
Q

given info

A

info that is already known or assumed by listener

123
Q

new info

A

info that is being introduced for the first time

124
Q

intonational phrase

A

segment of speech that carries its own pitch

rising or falling

125
Q

metathesis

A

switching of sounds within a word

ask –> aks

126
Q

progressive assimilation

A

sound influences following sound

127
Q

regressive assimilation

A

sound influences a preceding sound

128
Q

sentence stress

A

emphasis placed on certain words in a sentence

129
Q

suprasegmental

A

features of speech beyond individual sounds

intonation, stress, rhythm

CS&D 315 (13 decks)

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