chapter 4 pt 2

Question 1

otitis media w/ effusion

Answer 1

frequent buildup of liquid in the middle ear

may result in temporary conductive hearing loss in children

can impede transmission of accurate speech

Question 2

why is speech sound discrimination important

Answer 2

making associations between sounds & meaning

associations between sounds & movements of the vocal tract

adapting production of sounds to changing vocal tract

Question 3

what do clinicians look at when examining speech sound discrimination

Answer 3

specific phonemes a child is misarticulating

context in which the child is producing the phonemes

receptive vocab skills of the child

motor abilities

Question 4

general vs phonemic specific measures

Answer 4

children w/ SSDs tend to have difficulty discriminating the specific sounds that they mishear

do NOT seem to have general perception issues

Question 5

external monitoring

Answer 5

association between environmental sounds & meaning

monitoring others’ speech

Question 6

internal monitoring

Answer 6

judging accuracy of one’s own speech immediately after production

both AC & BC cues

Question 7

/fls/ phenomenon

Answer 7

example of a child’s recognition of sound in others’ speech but not in own production

good external but poor internal discrimination

Question 8

children w/ delayed speech often distinguish ___________________________

but may struggle w/ ______________________________

Answer 8

external sounds of their errors

internal discrimination

Question 9

tongue effect on speech

Answer 9

most crucial articulator

grows longer & thinner w/ age

Question 10

ankyloglossia (tongue tie)

Answer 10

restricted lingual frenum

prevalence = 4.2-10.%

clipping only recommended in SEVERE cases

Question 11

macroglossia

Answer 11

large tongue size that might hinder movement

most individuals adapt to maintain sound production

Question 12

hard palate

Answer 12

varying shapes show similar acoustic outcomes in vowel production

speakers can compensate

Question 13

why is oral sensory function important

Answer 13

developing & monitoring articulatory movements

Question 14

oral tactile sensitivity importance

Answer 14

temporary sensory deprivation can reduce articulation accuracy

tip of tongue most sensitive
midline more than edges

Question 15

diadochokinetic (DDK) rate

Answer 15

measures oral motor skills independently from phonological skills through rapid syllable repetition

nonsense syllable - pataka

increases w/ age – reaching adult by 9-10 years

Question 16

how is DDK measured

Answer 16

count by time - # of syllables spoken in a set time

time by count - time taken to produce a set # of syllables

Question 17

tongue thrust

Answer 17

frontal or lateral tongue movement during swallowing

Question 18

tongue thrust conditions

Answer 18

forward tongue movement between teeth during swallow initiation

tongue fronting between/against teeth during speech

resting tongue position forward in oral cavity

Question 19

tongue thrust development

Answer 19

all infants do it

usually resolves itself by 10 years, if not sooner

Question 20

habitual tongue thrust

Answer 20

no structural abnormalities

Question 21

obligatory tongue thrust

Answer 21

due to airway obstruction or englarged tonsils

adapting for food passage

Question 22

tongue thrust impact on dentition

Answer 22

resting tongue position influences teeth/jaw alignment

forward resting position may cause open bite &/or class II malocclusion

Question 23

speech sound errors (SSEs) w/ tongue thrust

Answer 23

higher incidence of SSEs

errors in /t/, /d/, /n/, & /l/

tongue thrust + open bite = increased SSEs

Question 24

tongue thrust treatment

Answer 24

orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) shows efficacy in altering tongue posture & improving related SSEs

positive outcomes when OMT combined w/ speech therapy

Question 25

pacifier use & SSDs

Answer 25

children w/ SSDs more likely to have used a bottle as a pacifier

3fold increase in SSDs among pacifier users

could alter tongue posture, tooth alignment, reduce speech practice & interaction opportunities

Question 26

intelligence & SSDs

Answer 26

low correlation between speech sound production & IQ for those in the normal range

higher correlation between speech sound production & IQ in those who are cognitively impaired

Question 27

language development & SSDs

Answer 27

complex linguistic demands can increase speech errors

feedback from speech output influences language production

intervention in 1 domain (syntax) can lead to improvements in another (phonology)

Question 28

academic performance & SSDs

Answer 28

SSDs ten to co-occur w/ literacy impairment

young children w/ language & SSDs are especially at risk

phonological awareness linked to literacy

Question 29

age & SSDs

Answer 29

speech sounds should normalize by 8 yrs

improvements taper off beyond elementary school

Question 30

gender & SSDss

Answer 30

girls develop articulation skills earlier

higher rate of SSDs in boys

Question 31

SES & SSDs

Answer 31

don’t seem to be strongly linked

Question 32

family & SSDs

Answer 32

SSDs often run in families

difficult to separate biological /genetic vs environmetal influences

Question 33

sibling influence & SSDs

Answer 33

1st born may have better articulation than subsequent siblings

twins may have unique patterns of speech

Question 34

personality & SSDs

Answer 34

studies mostly inconclusive