chapter 4 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

otitis media w/ effusion

A

frequent buildup of liquid in the middle ear

may result in temporary conductive hearing loss in children

can impede transmission of accurate speech

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2
Q

why is speech sound discrimination important

A

making associations between sounds & meaning

associations between sounds & movements of the vocal tract

adapting production of sounds to changing vocal tract

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3
Q

what do clinicians look at when examining speech sound discrimination

A

specific phonemes a child is misarticulating

context in which the child is producing the phonemes

receptive vocab skills of the child

motor abilities

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4
Q

general vs phonemic specific measures

A

children w/ SSDs tend to have difficulty discriminating the specific sounds that they mishear

do NOT seem to have general perception issues

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5
Q

external monitoring

A

association between environmental sounds & meaning

monitoring others’ speech

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6
Q

internal monitoring

A

judging accuracy of one’s own speech immediately after production

both AC & BC cues

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7
Q

/fls/ phenomenon

A

example of a child’s recognition of sound in others’ speech but not in own production

good external but poor internal discrimination

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8
Q

children w/ delayed speech often distinguish ___________________________

but may struggle w/ ______________________________

A

external sounds of their errors

internal discrimination

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9
Q

tongue effect on speech

A

most crucial articulator

grows longer & thinner w/ age

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10
Q

ankyloglossia (tongue tie)

A

restricted lingual frenum

prevalence = 4.2-10.%

clipping only recommended in SEVERE cases

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11
Q

macroglossia

A

large tongue size that might hinder movement

most individuals adapt to maintain sound production

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12
Q

hard palate

A

varying shapes show similar acoustic outcomes in vowel production

speakers can compensate

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13
Q

why is oral sensory function important

A

developing & monitoring articulatory movements

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14
Q

oral tactile sensitivity importance

A

temporary sensory deprivation can reduce articulation accuracy

tip of tongue most sensitive
midline more than edges

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15
Q

diadochokinetic (DDK) rate

A

measures oral motor skills independently from phonological skills through rapid syllable repetition

nonsense syllable - pataka

increases w/ age – reaching adult by 9-10 years

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16
Q

how is DDK measured

A

count by time - # of syllables spoken in a set time

time by count - time taken to produce a set # of syllables

17
Q

tongue thrust

A

frontal or lateral tongue movement during swallowing

18
Q

tongue thrust conditions

A

forward tongue movement between teeth during swallow initiation

tongue fronting between/against teeth during speech

resting tongue position forward in oral cavity

19
Q

tongue thrust development

A

all infants do it

usually resolves itself by 10 years, if not sooner

20
Q

habitual tongue thrust

A

no structural abnormalities

21
Q

obligatory tongue thrust

A

due to airway obstruction or englarged tonsils

adapting for food passage

22
Q

tongue thrust impact on dentition

A

resting tongue position influences teeth/jaw alignment

forward resting position may cause open bite &/or class II malocclusion

23
Q

speech sound errors (SSEs) w/ tongue thrust

A

higher incidence of SSEs

errors in /t/, /d/, /n/, & /l/

tongue thrust + open bite = increased SSEs

24
Q

tongue thrust treatment

A

orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) shows efficacy in altering tongue posture & improving related SSEs

positive outcomes when OMT combined w/ speech therapy

25
pacifier use & SSDs
children w/ SSDs more likely to have used a bottle as a pacifier 3fold increase in SSDs among pacifier users could alter tongue posture, tooth alignment, reduce speech practice & interaction opportunities
26
intelligence & SSDs
low correlation between speech sound production & IQ for those in the normal range higher correlation between speech sound production & IQ in those who are cognitively impaired
27
language development & SSDs
complex linguistic demands can increase speech errors feedback from speech output influences language production intervention in 1 domain (syntax) can lead to improvements in another (phonology)
28
academic performance & SSDs
SSDs ten to co-occur w/ literacy impairment young children w/ language & SSDs are especially at risk phonological awareness linked to literacy
29
age & SSDs
speech sounds should normalize by 8 yrs improvements taper off beyond elementary school
30
gender & SSDss
girls develop articulation skills earlier higher rate of SSDs in boys
31
SES & SSDs
don't seem to be strongly linked
32
family & SSDs
SSDs often run in families difficult to separate biological /genetic vs environmetal influences
33
sibling influence & SSDs
1st born may have better articulation than subsequent siblings twins may have unique patterns of speech
34
personality & SSDs
studies mostly inconclusive