chapter 2 Flashcards
graphemes
letters or letter combos
allographs
different letter sequences representing the same sound
loop, through, threw
digraphs
2 letters representing a single sound
hoot, shoe
morpheme
the smallest unit of language that carries meaning
free morpheme
can stand alone & still carry meaning
book, music
bound morpheme
must be attached to another morpheme to convey meaning
-s, re-, -ing
phoneme
individual speech sound that differentiates morphemes & meanings
minimal pair
pair of words that vary by only 1 phoneme in the same word position
cook & book
last & passed
allophones
variant pronunciations of a phoneme that do not change the meaning of a word
complementary distribution
allophones found in specific phonemic environments
pit vs spit
when is p aspirated vs unaspirated
free variation
allophones can be exchanged w/out affecting meaning
released or unreleased p in keep
syllable
unit of language consisting of a vowel alone or a vowel combined w/ 1 or more consonants
onset, rhyme, coda
onset
initial consonants before a vowel
rhyme
nucleus + coda
nucleus
typically a vowel / vowel space (multiple vowels if they make up 1 syllable)
coda
consonants following nucleus
open syllable
end in a vowel phoneme
the, I , maybe
closed syllable
end in a consonant phoneme
had, keg, contain
canonical syllable
structure showing how many consonants can occur before or after the vowel in any syllable
word / lexical stress
increased emphasis placed on a single syllable in multisyllabic words
primary stress
greatest emphasis within a word
IPA puts a raised mark before a stressed syllable
con’tain, a’ware, ber’serk
broad transcription
captures only phonemes of a word w/out detailing allophone variations
uses slashes –> ball = /bal/
narrow transcription
represents more detailed aspects of speech, including allophonic variations
uses brackets
shows modifications in the pronunciation of phonemes
systemic transcription
relies on the transcriber’s knowledge of the sound system
can be broad or narrow
used when transcriber is familiar w/ the language’s sound system
impressionistic transcription
used when the transcriber lacks prior knowledge of a language’s sound system
always narrow
used when transcribing an unfamiliar language or analyzing a sever speech disorder
