chapter 2

Question 1

graphemes

Answer 1

letters or letter combos

Question 2

allographs

Answer 2

different letter sequences representing the same sound

loop, through, threw

Question 3

digraphs

Answer 3

2 letters representing a single sound

hoot, shoe

Question 4

morpheme

Answer 4

the smallest unit of language that carries meaning

Question 5

free morpheme

Answer 5

can stand alone & still carry meaning

book, music

Question 6

bound morpheme

Answer 6

must be attached to another morpheme to convey meaning

-s, re-, -ing

Question 7

phoneme

Answer 7

individual speech sound that differentiates morphemes & meanings

Question 8

minimal pair

Answer 8

pair of words that vary by only 1 phoneme in the same word position

cook & book

last & passed

Question 9

allophones

Answer 9

variant pronunciations of a phoneme that do not change the meaning of a word

Question 10

complementary distribution

Answer 10

allophones found in specific phonemic environments

pit vs spit
when is p aspirated vs unaspirated

Question 11

free variation

Answer 11

allophones can be exchanged w/out affecting meaning

released or unreleased p in keep

Question 12

syllable

Answer 12

unit of language consisting of a vowel alone or a vowel combined w/ 1 or more consonants

onset, rhyme, coda

Question 13

onset

Answer 13

initial consonants before a vowel

Question 14

rhyme

Answer 14

nucleus + coda

Question 15

nucleus

Answer 15

typically a vowel / vowel space (multiple vowels if they make up 1 syllable)

Question 16

coda

Answer 16

consonants following nucleus

Question 17

open syllable

Answer 17

end in a vowel phoneme

the, I , maybe

Question 18

closed syllable

Answer 18

end in a consonant phoneme

had, keg, contain

Question 19

canonical syllable

Answer 19

structure showing how many consonants can occur before or after the vowel in any syllable

Question 20

word / lexical stress

Answer 20

increased emphasis placed on a single syllable in multisyllabic words

Question 21

primary stress

Answer 21

greatest emphasis within a word

IPA puts a raised mark before a stressed syllable
con’tain, a’ware, ber’serk

Question 22

broad transcription

Answer 22

captures only phonemes of a word w/out detailing allophone variations

uses slashes –> ball = /bal/

Question 23

narrow transcription

Answer 23

represents more detailed aspects of speech, including allophonic variations

uses brackets

shows modifications in the pronunciation of phonemes

Question 24

systemic transcription

Answer 24

relies on the transcriber’s knowledge of the sound system

can be broad or narrow

used when transcriber is familiar w/ the language’s sound system

Question 25

impressionistic transcription

Answer 25

used when the transcriber lacks prior knowledge of a language’s sound system

always narrow

used when transcribing an unfamiliar language or analyzing a sever speech disorder