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CS&D 315 > chapter 5 pt 2 > Flashcards

chapter 5 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

organic etiology

A

known, medical origin

hearing impairments
genetic disorders
apraxia of speech

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2
Q

unknown origin

A

no medial origin

a disorder of function

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3
Q

hearing loss

A

organic etiology

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4
Q

speech perception / production factors w/ hearing loss

A

hearing sensitivity
speech recognition
hearing loss configuration

audiograms useful but don’t fully predict individual outcomes

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5
Q

age of onset & detection of hearing loss

A

early-onset, sever hearing loss affects phonology, syntax, & semantics, needing specialized instruction

cochlear implants offer improved speech outcomes but w/ individual variation

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6
Q

speech characteristics in hearing-impaired individuals

A

errors w/ phonemes articulatioin

slow speech rate

pauses

nonstandard inflection

resonance issues

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7
Q

do cochlear implants improved intelligibility

A

up to 90%

residual issues in suprasegmental aspects

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8
Q

down syndrome

A

cognitive impairment delayed acquisition

relative macroglossia
(small oral cavity, typical tongue)

reduced muscle tone, some drooling

frequent otitis media

abnormal speech patterns

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9
Q

beckwith-widemann syndrome

A

macroglossia

drooling

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10
Q

galactosemia

A

enzyme deficiency – trouble breaking down sugars (lactose) — surplus of galactose in the body

weaker muscle tone & issues controlling motor movement

often w/ apraxia of speech & dysarthia
not everyone has both

issue w/ planning (know what they want to say but trouble having clear speech) & motor speech disorder

language (reading & writing) also affected

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11
Q

fragile x syndrome

A

mutation in X chromosome - affects mostly boys

cognitive impairment
many present w/ autism

error patterns are expected, just delayed

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12
Q

motor speech disorders

A

group of heterogeneous neurological impairments
(heterogeneous - many parts of the brain involved)

affect planning, coordination, timing, & execution of movement patterns used for speech production

congenital or acquired

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13
Q

important areas of the brain important for speech production

A

primary motor cortex

upper motor neuron system
pyramidal & extrapyramidal tracts

basal ganglia, subcortical

cerebellum

cranial nerves

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14
Q

acquired neuro-motor problems

A

degenerative
stable
improving

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15
Q

developmental neuro-motor problems

A

usually stable or improving
occasionally degenerative

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16
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform particular purposive actions as a result of brain damage

motor planning/programming

problems w/ articulation, rate, prosody

inconsistent errors

errors more w/ more linguistic complexity (1 vs 2 vs 3 syllables)

rote or automatic phrases may be produced normally

muscles themselves not impaired

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17
Q

dysarthria

A

Speech production deficits caused by problems with the nerves &/or muscles used for speech

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18
Q

basic speech neurophysiology

A

see cat

brain has desire to say cat

brain makes recipe to say cat

sends recipe to speech muscles

say cat

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19
Q

apraxia neurophysiology

A

issue w/ recipe making

speech comes out a little wrong

very frustrating because they may get it one time & then not the next

“I know what I want to say but I don’t know how to say it”

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20
Q

dysarthria neurophysiology

A

issue w/ recipe getting to speech muscles

no planning error but speech isn’t entirely clear

“I know what I want to say & I know how to say it but my brain has trouble sending it to my muscles”

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21
Q

childhood apraxia of speech characterized by problems w/

A

articulation - often errors are inconsistent

prosody - difficulty w/ prosody in phrases & words

rate - lengthened & disrupted transitions between syllables & sounds

problems become more evident as linguistic complexity increases

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22
Q

dysarthria

A

group of neuromuscular impairments affecting muscles movement for speech

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23
Q

what is impaired in dysarthria

A

respiration

phonation

resonance

articulation

24
Q

dysarthria due to

A

weakness

spasticity

discoordination

involuntary movements

main problem - motor speech control

25
Q

cerebral pasly

A

developmental neurogenic disorder

26
Q

cerebral palsy cause

A

result of brain injury early in fetal or infant development

damage to primary motor cortex

27
Q

tremor

A

rhythmic movement of a body part

28
Q

tics

A

rapid patterned movements

not completely involuntary
can be suppressed briefly w/ effort

29
Q

dystonia

A

slow hyperkinesia

may involve entire body, may be localized

30
Q

chorea

A

rapid, unpredictable movements

31
Q

sub types of dysarthria

A

flaccid
spastic
ataxic
hyperkinetic
hypokinetic
mixed

32
Q

what does dysarthria sound like

A

no phonological processes

more deletion

slurred, unintelligible version of speech

33
Q

flaccid

A

short phrases, imprecise consonants

weak muscle tone

v

34
Q

flaccid voice quality

A

breathy
monopitch
reduced loudness

35
Q

flaccid associated disorders

A

bulbar palsy

muscular dystrophy

facial never disorder (CN VII)

36
Q

spastic

A

slow rate of speech, imprecise consonants

stiff, riding muscle tone

37
Q

spastic voice quality

A

harsh
strained/strangled
monopitch

38
Q

spastic associated disorders

A

pseudobulbar palsy

39
Q

ataxic

A

incoordination & improper timing of muscle movements

40
Q

ataxic voice quailty

A

harsh
excessive stress

41
Q

hyperkinetic

A

increased movement
tics, tremors

42
Q

hyperkinetic voice quality

A

harsh
monopitch
excessive loudness

43
Q

hyperkinetic associated disorders

A

dystonia
Huntington’s chorea

44
Q

hypokiinetic

A

decreased/restricted movement

45
Q

hypokinetic voice quality

A

harsh/breathy
monopitch
reduced stress

trouble w/ breath support

46
Q

hypokinetic associated disorders

A

parkinson’s disease

47
Q

mixed

A

result from damage to multiple motor system

48
Q

mixed voice quality

A

harsh, hypernasal, excess stress

49
Q

mixed associated disorders

A

ALS
TBI

50
Q

functional SSDs

A

unknown origin

51
Q

phonological disorders

A

sound productioni problems w/out a clear organic etiology

linguistic disorder - manifested by the use of abnormal patterns in the spoken medium of language

child within normal limits on hearing, cognition, sensory-motor abilities, & social-emotional factors

52
Q

3 yrs –> 4th grade intelligibilty

A

15% of 3 year olds have trouble being understood by their communication community

3-4% by 4th grade still having trouble

53
Q

classification by possible etiology - Shriberg

A
  1. genetic - has a family member w/ current or history of SSD
  2. otitis media w/ effusion - early & frequent ear infectionss
  3. psychosocial - extremely fearful, aggressive, &/or withdrawn
  4. speech error - sibilants
  5. speech error - rhotic

motor speech involvement
1. apraxia

  1. dysarthria
  2. motor-speech NOS (not otherwise specified)
54
Q

classification by psycholinguistic deficit

A

classifying speech sound difficulties based on underlying processing problems

phonological processing

55
Q

classification by smpomatology

A

groups based on surface error patters
- articulation disorder
- phonological delay
- consistent phonological disorder
- inconsistent phonological disorder

56
Q

why is classification of SSDs important

A

identifying subgroups of children will enable development of focused interventions

57
Q

comorbidity

A

SSDs & language disorders

SSDs & stuttering

SSDs & voice disorders

SSDs & emotional / psychiatric disorders

correlation DOES NOT EQUAL causation

children w/ SSDs are more at risk for other disorders

CS&D 315 (12 decks)

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