chapter 5 pt 2 Flashcards
organic etiology
known, medical origin
hearing impairments
genetic disorders
apraxia of speech
unknown origin
no medial origin
a disorder of function
hearing loss
organic etiology
speech perception / production factors w/ hearing loss
hearing sensitivity
speech recognition
hearing loss configuration
audiograms useful but don’t fully predict individual outcomes
age of onset & detection of hearing loss
early-onset, sever hearing loss affects phonology, syntax, & semantics, needing specialized instruction
cochlear implants offer improved speech outcomes but w/ individual variation
speech characteristics in hearing-impaired individuals
errors w/ phonemes articulatioin
slow speech rate
pauses
nonstandard inflection
resonance issues
do cochlear implants improved intelligibility
up to 90%
residual issues in suprasegmental aspects
down syndrome
cognitive impairment delayed acquisition
relative macroglossia
(small oral cavity, typical tongue)
reduced muscle tone, some drooling
frequent otitis media
abnormal speech patterns
beckwith-widemann syndrome
macroglossia
drooling
galactosemia
enzyme deficiency – trouble breaking down sugars (lactose) — surplus of galactose in the body
weaker muscle tone & issues controlling motor movement
often w/ apraxia of speech & dysarthia
not everyone has both
issue w/ planning (know what they want to say but trouble having clear speech) & motor speech disorder
language (reading & writing) also affected
fragile x syndrome
mutation in X chromosome - affects mostly boys
cognitive impairment
many present w/ autism
error patterns are expected, just delayed
motor speech disorders
group of heterogeneous neurological impairments
(heterogeneous - many parts of the brain involved)
affect planning, coordination, timing, & execution of movement patterns used for speech production
congenital or acquired
important areas of the brain important for speech production
primary motor cortex
upper motor neuron system
pyramidal & extrapyramidal tracts
basal ganglia, subcortical
cerebellum
cranial nerves
acquired neuro-motor problems
degenerative
stable
improving
developmental neuro-motor problems
usually stable or improving
occasionally degenerative
apraxia
inability to perform particular purposive actions as a result of brain damage
motor planning/programming
problems w/ articulation, rate, prosody
inconsistent errors
errors more w/ more linguistic complexity (1 vs 2 vs 3 syllables)
rote or automatic phrases may be produced normally
muscles themselves not impaired
dysarthria
Speech production deficits caused by problems with the nerves &/or muscles used for speech
basic speech neurophysiology
see cat
brain has desire to say cat
brain makes recipe to say cat
sends recipe to speech muscles
say cat
apraxia neurophysiology
issue w/ recipe making
speech comes out a little wrong
very frustrating because they may get it one time & then not the next
“I know what I want to say but I don’t know how to say it”
dysarthria neurophysiology
issue w/ recipe getting to speech muscles
no planning error but speech isn’t entirely clear
“I know what I want to say & I know how to say it but my brain has trouble sending it to my muscles”
childhood apraxia of speech characterized by problems w/
articulation - often errors are inconsistent
prosody - difficulty w/ prosody in phrases & words
rate - lengthened & disrupted transitions between syllables & sounds
problems become more evident as linguistic complexity increases
dysarthria
group of neuromuscular impairments affecting muscles movement for speech
what is impaired in dysarthria
respiration
phonation
resonance
articulation
dysarthria due to
weakness
spasticity
discoordination
involuntary movements
main problem - motor speech control
