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Microbiology > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

living interactions between two organisms

A

symbiosis

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2
Q

both symbionts benefit in the relationship

A

mutualism

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3
Q

bacteria in GI tract or protozoa in termite intestines is what relationship

A

mutualism

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4
Q

one symbiont benefits in the relationship while the other is not affected

A

commensalism

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5
Q

hair mite and human is example of what relationship

A

commensalism

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6
Q

on symbiont is harmed while the second is unaffected

A

amensalism

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7
Q

and example of amensalism is

A

penicillium and bacteria

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8
Q

one symbiont is harmed while the other symbiont benefits

A

parasitism

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9
Q

the microbes that colonize the body without causing disease

A

microbiome

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10
Q

the microbes that remain part of the microbiome most of the humans life

A

residential microbiota

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11
Q

microbes that remain part of the microbiome for hours to months

A

transient microbiota

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12
Q

when does microbe colonization befine

A

birth

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13
Q

normal microbiota that do not normally cause disease may become harmful if the opportunity arises

A

oportunistic pathogens

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14
Q

what helps opportunistic pathogen cause disease

A
  1. intro of normal microbiota into unusual body site
  2. immune system suppression
  3. changes in numbers of normal microbiota
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15
Q

site where pathogens are normally maintained as a course of infection

A

reservoir

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16
Q

disease that spreads naturally from animal hosts to humans

A

zoonoses

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17
Q

clostridium species that cause botulism and tetanus are found in

A

soil

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17
Q

zoonoses can be aquired through

A

direct contact, consuming animal products, blood sucking insects

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18
Q

examples of non living reserviors

A

water, soil, food

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19
Q

thin lining of the eyeball

A

conjunctiva

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20
Q

where do viruses mosltly enter through

A

eyes

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21
Q

the process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells

A

adhesion

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22
Q

attachment proteins are also called

A

ligands

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23
Q

cannot cause measurable damage or disease to a host

A

avirulent

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24
Q

invasion of a pathogen, physical presence in the body

A

infection

25
Q

subjective characterisitics of a disease that only the patient can feel

A

symptoms

26
Q

visible evidence of the disease that can be observed or measured in a lab test

A

signs

27
Q

pathogen mulitplies and interferes with body function after infection

A

disease

28
Q

signs and symptoms that collectively characterize a disease

A

syndrome

29
Q

infection goes unnoticed by the person or has no symptoms

A

asymptomatic or subclinical

30
Q

may still have signs by proper lab test like leukocyte counts

A

subclinical infection

31
Q

the ability of a microbe to cause disease

A

pathofenicity

32
Q

the degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence

33
Q

three virulence factors

A

extracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors

34
Q

secreted by pathogen help dissolve or breakdown structural chemicals in body

A

extracellular enzymesf

35
Q

four extracellular enzymes

A
  1. hyaluronidase- break down hyaluronic acid which helps adjacent cells connect together
  2. collagenase- breaks down collagen fibers which a major structural proteins
  3. coagulase- causes blood cells to clot which serves as a hiding place for pathogens
  4. kinase- allows pathogen to breakdown and digest blood clots
36
Q

a chemical that destroys tissue or triggers host immune response that results in tissue damage

A

toxin

37
Q

presence of toxins in bloodstreme that can be carried far from infection site

A

toxemia

38
Q

toxins secreted by a pathogen that either destroy a host cell or interfere with host metabolism

A

exotoxin

39
Q

destroys neurons and nervous system tissue

A

nuerotoxin

40
Q

general toxin that kills any host cell

A

cytotoxin

41
Q

destroys cells in gi lining

A

enterotoxin

42
Q

only found in gram negative bacteria cells

A

endotoxins

43
Q

example of antiphagocytic chemicals

A

m protein in streptococcus pyogenes

44
Q

initial entry of the pathogen into host

A

incubation period

45
Q

pathogen continues to multiply and host experiences general symptoms

A

prodromal period

46
Q

most severe symptoms and specific to the type of infection

A

period of illness

47
Q

pathogen population and severity of symptoms decline

A

period of decline

48
Q

host returns to normal function

A

period of convalescence

49
Q

pathogens leave host through

A

portals of exit

50
Q

transmission of a pthogen by a person to person touching or a touch, bite or scratch from an animal

A

direct contact

51
Q

aquiring a microbe from contacting a non-living object

A

indirect contact by fomite

52
Q

inanimate objects such as clothing cooking utensils, furniture medical equipment and money

A

fomites

53
Q

particles that remain suspended in the air for hours that contain pathogens. they are ejected in the form of fluid when an infected individual coughs, sneezes or exhals

A

respiratory droplets

54
Q

aquiring pathogen from object that carries disease

A

vehicle transmission

55
Q

when pathogens travel more than 1m via aerosol

A

airborne transmission

56
Q

importnat in spread of many gastrointestinal diseases

A

waterborne trnasmission

57
Q

human waste with pathogens contaminates water source

A

fecal oral infection

58
Q

insect or arthropod that transmits the disease to host

A

vector

59
Q

transmit pathogens and serve as host for some stage of the pathogens life cycle it is inside insect

A

biological vectors

60
Q

insects that carry the pathogen on a body part such as hair and passively transmit pathogens present on their body to new hosts

A

mechanical vecotrs

61
Q
A

Microbiology (13 decks)

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