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Microbiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

coccus

A

sphere

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2
Q

bacillus

A

rod

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3
Q

three main shapes of bacteria

A

coccus, bacillus, spiral

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4
Q

small drop of liquid spread on the slide

A

liquid culture

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5
Q

small colony piece mixed with a drop of water

A

solid culture

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6
Q

Air drying purpose

A

preserves the microorganisms shape and arrangement

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7
Q

purpose of heat fixation

A

kills microorganism and causes it to adhere to slide

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8
Q

the dyes used in staining are usually

A

salts

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9
Q

a salt contains

A

a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion

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10
Q

the colored portion of the dye

A

chromophore

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11
Q

what is the chromophores purpose

A

binds to chemicals in cell structures via covalent/ionic bonding

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12
Q

procedures that only use one dye that is basic such as crystal violet or methylene blue

A

simple stain

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13
Q

what is the purpose of simple staining

A

to identify the shape, structure, and arrangement of bacteria

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14
Q

simple stain steps

A
  1. flood smear with dye for 30-60 sec
  2. rinse with water
  3. blot dry
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15
Q

uses two or more dyes

A

differential stain

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16
Q

purpose of differential stain

A

to distinguish different cells, structures or gram type

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17
Q

who developed gram stain

A

hans gram

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18
Q

steps to gram stain

A
  1. apply the primary stain crystal violet (all cells with be purple)
  2. flood smear with mordant like iodine (traps color into the peptidoglycan of gram + cells)
  3. rinse away with decolorizing agent (washes away the dye from the top of the gram - cell)
  4. apply counter stain safranin (provides contrasting color to primary stain)
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19
Q

removes water from liquid crystal violet turning it into solid crystals

A

mordant

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20
Q

color of gram +

A

purple

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21
Q

color of gram -

A

pink

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22
Q

gram stain works significantly better on

A

younger cells

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23
Q

waxy substance on some bacteria

A

mycolic acid

24
Q

some myobacterium causes

A

tuberculosis and leprosy

25
Q

Steps to acid fast staining

A
  1. primary stain, flood smear with carbolfushsin under heat which will melt the solid wax layer
  2. rinse with decolorizing agent, which will remove stain from non acid fast cells
  3. counter stain with methylene blue
26
Q

results of acid fast stain

A

myobacterium (acid fast) = red

non acid fast = blue

27
Q

what bacteria causes endospores

A

bacillus and clostridium

28
Q

endospore bacteria causes diseases such as

A

anthrax, gangrene, tetanus

29
Q

developed to specifically stain endospores

A

schaeffer-fulton or endospore stain

30
Q

steps to endospore staining

A
  1. primary stain with malachite green with heat (heat opens up pores in endospore)
  2. decolorizing agent which causes vegetative cells to be clear and endospore to be green
  3. counterstain with safranin (turns vegetative cells red)
31
Q

what is the decolorizing agent in endospore staining

A

water

32
Q

stains used to reveal specific microbial structures such as capsuels

A

negative staining

33
Q

staining steps for a negative stain

A
  1. use primary dye to stain bacteria (crystal violet) this will stain bacteria except the capsule
  2. stain background with an acidic or - charged dye like india ink (will repel the cell membrane and capsule)
34
Q

negative stain results

A

background = pink
bacteria = purple
capsule = white halo

35
Q

acidic dye in negative stain

A

india ink

35
Q

primary stain in negative stain

A

crystal violet

36
Q

staining that targets bacteria and flagella

A

flagellar staining

37
Q

in flagellar staining what is mixed together to be used as primary stain

A

primary stain and a mordant

38
Q

combination of primary stain and mordant allows the dye to be

A

less soluble, increases size and colorizes flagella

39
Q

the ability to distinguish two objects or points that are close together

A

resolution or resolving power

40
Q

difference in the intensity of two objects or the object and its background

A

contrast

41
Q

describe a simple microscope

A
  • one lens
  • less magnifying power, less resolving power
    -cannot distinguish between two objects
42
Q

compound microscope characteristics

A
  • series of lenses
  • have objective and ocular lenses
  • has a condenser
43
Q

narrows beam of light from the illumination exit and focuses it directly on speciman

A

condenser

44
Q

total magnification

A

objective lens x ocular lens

45
Q

used to view bacteria, viruses, internal cellular structure, molecules, large atoms

A

electron microscopy

46
Q

a beam of electrons is transmitted through the speciman

A

electron transmission microscopy

47
Q

In TEM, electrons interact with what structures

A

internal (ribosomes, or inclusions)

48
Q

a beam of electrons scans the surface of the speciman

A

scanning transmission microscopy

49
Q

describe SEM

A
  • coated with gold or platinum and placed into vacuum
  • used to view morphology or 3d surface of speciman
50
Q

describe TEM

A
  • speciman is dehdryated, chemically fixed, and embedded into plastic and placed in a vacuum
51
Q

the science of classifying and naming organisms

A

taxonomy

52
Q

the assigning of organisms to taxa based on similarities

A

classification

53
Q

determining that an isolated organism belongs to a particular taxon or group

A

identification

54
Q

rules of naming an organism

A

nomenclature

55
Q
A

Microbiology (13 decks)

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