chapter 15 Flashcards
what line of defense is the external, physical barrier of the human body
first line
what does the first line of defense include
mucous membranes that line the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
what line of defense is the internal and bloodborne part of the human body
second line
does the second line include lymphocytes
no
what is second line composed of
protective cells, leukocytes, bloodborne chemicals
an immune response that is always on, responds rapidly to pathogens and is broad spectrum
innate immunity
what is the third line of defense called
adaptive immune system
what makes up the third line
lymphatic system and lymphocytes
two layers of the skin
superficial epidermis and deep dermis
what makes up the bottom layer of the cells in the epidermis
stratum basale
which portion of skin contains blood supply and nutrients
dermis
fibrous thick protein of the skin
keratin
cells in the epidermis are called
keratinocytes
possible written question
what are the characteristics of the epidermis
- tightly packed cells
- top layer of cells are dead
- dry - lack of moisture or water
- keratinized
- slough off or fall off easily
long, slender fingers that extend to surrounding cells, play a role in phagocytosis and can activate the adaptive immune system
dendritic cells
what makes the dermis tissue physically strong and flexible
collagen
dermis tissue secretes
perspiration which ocntains salt, lysozome, and antimicrobial peptides
causes sweat to acts as a hypertonic solution that dries out and shrinks pathogens
salt
an enzyme that cleaves the linkages between sufars in the cell walls of bacteria
lysozome
what does lysozome do
destructs the cell wall leads to death by osmotic pressure
a group of antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the sweat galnds, broad spectrum that kill bacteria and fungi
dermcidins
how do dermcidins kill bacteria
poke hols in the cell membrane which allows vital chemicals to leak out
secreted from sebaceous or oil glands which softens skin making it more flexible and less likely to break down
sebum
sebum contains what which does what
contains fatty acids, lowers skin ph below 5 which inhibits growth and metabolism of pathogens
line all body cavities open to the environment, thin and moist compared to skin
mucous membrane
two layers of the mucous membrane
epithelium and deep connective layer
very thin layer that is closest to the lumen
epithelium
a thick layer of connective tissue that provides mechanical and nutritional support to the epithelium
deep connective layer
characteristics of the epithelium
- cells are alive and moist - both water an nutrients present
- tightly packed cells
- continual shedding of cells
- cells are ciliated columnar cells
secrete sticky thick mucous to trap pathogens and cilia can move out of body or into GI tract
goblet cells
reside below and phagocytize pathogens
dendritic cells
exetnd into lumen monoriting and sampling pathogenic presense in the lumen
dendritic pseudopods
layer that is responsible for producing antimicrobial chemicals such as lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides
deep connective tissue
a system of glands that produces and drains tears
lacrimal apparatus
destroys peptidoglycan in the cell walls of bacteria. contains salt and other chemicals that can affect the growth of bacteria
lysozyme
protein that binds to our cells allowing them to take in all iron available in blood
transferrin
involved in defending body against invaders, divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes
leukocytes
cytoplasm of these cells appear to be filled with granules
granulocytes
the cytoplasm of cells is clear
agranulocytes
what are the granulocytes
basophils, nuetrophils, and eosinophils
involved in inflammation and allergic reactions, secrete histamines and heparin
basophils
most common leukocyte in body and specifically destroy bacteria cells
neutrophils
phagocytize parasites
eosinophils
what are the agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
mostly involved in adaptive immunity, B and T cells, and natural killer cells
lymphocytes
release chemicals inside viral infected and cancerous cells causeing them to kill themselves
natural killer
produce antibodies to target pathogens
b cells
attack abnormal cells (cancer or virus)
T cells
leave the blood and mature into macrophage, devour foreign objects
monocytes
can monocytes destroy our cells
yes
a parasitic infection
eosinophils
bacterial infection
neutrophils
viral infection
lymphocytes
to eat a cell
phagocytosis
which cells are capable of phagocytosis
eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes
phagocytes are attracted to pathogen secretions, parts of pathogenic cells, damaged tissues, white blood cells and chemokines
positive chemotaxis
chemicals released by leukocytes at the site of infection that attract phagocytes
chemokines
what are pathogens coated with that increase number of binding sites
antibodies or opsins
when does the pathogen die
when phagolysosome forms
the vesicle carrying the digested pathogen fuses with the plasma membrane releasing its contents
exocytosis
a non specific response to tissue damage from various causes including hear, cut, and infection
inlammation
short lived, results in the elimination and resolution of a condition
acute
long live and causes damadge to tissues resulting in disease
chronic
signs of inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, pain
increase in the diameter of a blood vessel
vasoldialation
vasodialation is responsible for the what factors associated with inflammatino
heat and redness
chemical that forms during the blood clotting of a damged blood vessel, will convert plama protein into powerful vasodialator
bradykinin
what release histamine
basophils, mast cells, and platelets
macrophages release
prostoglandins and leukotrienes
vasodialation leads to
more blood, more phagocytes, nutrients, oxygen
acts like glue that seals cuts of breaks in blood vessels
fibrin
what is the inactive form of fibrin that is carried to site of injury
fibrinogen
occurs when pyrogens trigger hypothalamus to increase bodys core temp
fever
which sets the bodys thermostat to a higher temp
prostoglandins
examples of pyrogens
bacterial toxins, digested components of pathogens, antigen-antibody complexes
postive effect of fever
inhibits growth of pathogens and speeds up process of healing
negative effects of fever
uses lots of resources, can cause coma and death, proteins can be denatured
