Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > chapter 15 > Flashcards

chapter 15 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what line of defense is the external, physical barrier of the human body

A

first line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the first line of defense include

A

mucous membranes that line the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what line of defense is the internal and bloodborne part of the human body

A

second line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

does the second line include lymphocytes

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is second line composed of

A

protective cells, leukocytes, bloodborne chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

an immune response that is always on, responds rapidly to pathogens and is broad spectrum

A

innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the third line of defense called

A

adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what makes up the third line

A

lymphatic system and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

two layers of the skin

A

superficial epidermis and deep dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what makes up the bottom layer of the cells in the epidermis

A

stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which portion of skin contains blood supply and nutrients

A

dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fibrous thick protein of the skin

A

keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cells in the epidermis are called

A

keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

possible written question
what are the characteristics of the epidermis

A
  1. tightly packed cells
  2. top layer of cells are dead
  3. dry - lack of moisture or water
  4. keratinized
  5. slough off or fall off easily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

long, slender fingers that extend to surrounding cells, play a role in phagocytosis and can activate the adaptive immune system

A

dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what makes the dermis tissue physically strong and flexible

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dermis tissue secretes

A

perspiration which ocntains salt, lysozome, and antimicrobial peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

causes sweat to acts as a hypertonic solution that dries out and shrinks pathogens

A

salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

an enzyme that cleaves the linkages between sufars in the cell walls of bacteria

A

lysozome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does lysozome do

A

destructs the cell wall leads to death by osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a group of antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the sweat galnds, broad spectrum that kill bacteria and fungi

A

dermcidins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how do dermcidins kill bacteria

A

poke hols in the cell membrane which allows vital chemicals to leak out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

secreted from sebaceous or oil glands which softens skin making it more flexible and less likely to break down

A

sebum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sebum contains what which does what

A

contains fatty acids, lowers skin ph below 5 which inhibits growth and metabolism of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

line all body cavities open to the environment, thin and moist compared to skin

A

mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

two layers of the mucous membrane

A

epithelium and deep connective layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

very thin layer that is closest to the lumen

A

epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

a thick layer of connective tissue that provides mechanical and nutritional support to the epithelium

A

deep connective layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

characteristics of the epithelium

A
  1. cells are alive and moist - both water an nutrients present
  2. tightly packed cells
  3. continual shedding of cells
  4. cells are ciliated columnar cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

secrete sticky thick mucous to trap pathogens and cilia can move out of body or into GI tract

A

goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

reside below and phagocytize pathogens

A

dendritic cells

32
Q

exetnd into lumen monoriting and sampling pathogenic presense in the lumen

A

dendritic pseudopods

33
Q

layer that is responsible for producing antimicrobial chemicals such as lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides

A

deep connective tissue

34
Q

a system of glands that produces and drains tears

A

lacrimal apparatus

35
Q

destroys peptidoglycan in the cell walls of bacteria. contains salt and other chemicals that can affect the growth of bacteria

A

lysozyme

36
Q

protein that binds to our cells allowing them to take in all iron available in blood

A

transferrin

37
Q

involved in defending body against invaders, divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

leukocytes

38
Q

cytoplasm of these cells appear to be filled with granules

A

granulocytes

39
Q

the cytoplasm of cells is clear

A

agranulocytes

40
Q

what are the granulocytes

A

basophils, nuetrophils, and eosinophils

41
Q

involved in inflammation and allergic reactions, secrete histamines and heparin

A

basophils

42
Q

most common leukocyte in body and specifically destroy bacteria cells

A

neutrophils

43
Q

phagocytize parasites

A

eosinophils

44
Q

what are the agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

45
Q

mostly involved in adaptive immunity, B and T cells, and natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes

46
Q

release chemicals inside viral infected and cancerous cells causeing them to kill themselves

A

natural killer

47
Q

produce antibodies to target pathogens

A

b cells

48
Q

attack abnormal cells (cancer or virus)

A

T cells

49
Q

leave the blood and mature into macrophage, devour foreign objects

A

monocytes

50
Q

can monocytes destroy our cells

A

yes

51
Q

a parasitic infection

A

eosinophils

52
Q

bacterial infection

A

neutrophils

53
Q

viral infection

A

lymphocytes

54
Q

to eat a cell

A

phagocytosis

55
Q

which cells are capable of phagocytosis

A

eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes

56
Q

phagocytes are attracted to pathogen secretions, parts of pathogenic cells, damaged tissues, white blood cells and chemokines

A

positive chemotaxis

57
Q

chemicals released by leukocytes at the site of infection that attract phagocytes

A

chemokines

58
Q

what are pathogens coated with that increase number of binding sites

A

antibodies or opsins

59
Q

when does the pathogen die

A

when phagolysosome forms

60
Q

the vesicle carrying the digested pathogen fuses with the plasma membrane releasing its contents

A

exocytosis

61
Q

a non specific response to tissue damage from various causes including hear, cut, and infection

A

inlammation

62
Q

short lived, results in the elimination and resolution of a condition

A

acute

63
Q

long live and causes damadge to tissues resulting in disease

A

chronic

64
Q

signs of inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain

65
Q

increase in the diameter of a blood vessel

A

vasoldialation

66
Q

vasodialation is responsible for the what factors associated with inflammatino

A

heat and redness

67
Q

chemical that forms during the blood clotting of a damged blood vessel, will convert plama protein into powerful vasodialator

A

bradykinin

68
Q

what release histamine

A

basophils, mast cells, and platelets

69
Q

macrophages release

A

prostoglandins and leukotrienes

70
Q

vasodialation leads to

A

more blood, more phagocytes, nutrients, oxygen

71
Q

acts like glue that seals cuts of breaks in blood vessels

A

fibrin

72
Q

what is the inactive form of fibrin that is carried to site of injury

A

fibrinogen

73
Q

occurs when pyrogens trigger hypothalamus to increase bodys core temp

A

fever

74
Q

which sets the bodys thermostat to a higher temp

A

prostoglandins

75
Q

examples of pyrogens

A

bacterial toxins, digested components of pathogens, antigen-antibody complexes

76
Q

postive effect of fever

A

inhibits growth of pathogens and speeds up process of healing

77
Q

negative effects of fever

A

uses lots of resources, can cause coma and death, proteins can be denatured

Microbiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions