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Microbiology > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of the inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organisms genetic material

A

genetics

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2
Q

an organisms total DNA or DNA sequence

A

genome

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3
Q

a genome includes

A

all of an organisms genes and non-coding DNA

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4
Q

the DNA sequence that codes for a protein, the instructions to make a protein

A

Gene

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5
Q

thread like DNA is wrapped up around DNA binding proteins and condensed into loops

A

chromosome

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6
Q

what cells only have one copy of a chromosome, haploid

A

prokaryotic cells

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7
Q

what special DNA proteins do archea have that bacteria doesnt

A

histones

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8
Q

chromosome is mostly composed of

A

DNA but also includes associated proteins and RNA

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9
Q

small, circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently from the chromosomes, non essential for survival

A

plasmids

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10
Q

contains genes that give resistance to antibiotics or environmental toxins

A

resistant plasmid

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11
Q

contains genes sometimes reffered to as transfer genes that have the instructions for transferring DNA through the sex pilus

A

fertility plasmid

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12
Q

contains genes for enzymes, toxins, or structures that allow bacteria to infect a host, found in pathogenic bacteria

A

virulence plasmid

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13
Q

contains genes that produce toxins or bacteriocins that kill other bacteria species

A

bacteriocins plasmids

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14
Q

eukaryotic genomes:

A
  • more than one chromosome per cell
  • linear DNA
  • diploid
  • have histones
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15
Q

DNA strands are held together by

A

hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

two long strands of nucleotides twisted together in pairs to form double helix

A

DNA

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17
Q

structure of each strand of DNA

A

alternating bases, phosphate that binds to sugar

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18
Q

the nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine

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19
Q

what sugars in DNA

A

pentose or deoxyribose

20
Q

what charge is phosphate

A

-

21
Q

adenine pairs with

A

thymine

22
Q

guanine pairs with

A

cytosine

23
Q

this pairing of bases is called

A

complementary base pairing

24
Q

DNA replication is a what process

A

semiconservative

25
Q

DNA copied into RNA

A

transcription

26
Q

RNA converted into a protein

A

translation

27
Q

the region before the gene that transcription starts

A

promoter

28
Q

region after the gene where transcription ends

A

terminator

29
Q

describe process of transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and unwinds DNA
  2. RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA using DNA as a template
  3. RNA polymerase reaches the terminator and transcription stops
30
Q

four nitrogenous bases of RNA

A

adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

31
Q

the sugar of RNA

A

ribose

32
Q

RNA is single or double stranded

A

single

33
Q

a gene found in DNA is transcribed into RNA

A

messenger RNA or m RNA

34
Q

found in ribosomes, acts as an enzyme adding amino acids to a growing protein chain during translation

A

ribosomal RNA or rRNA

35
Q

this form of RNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome during translation

A

transfer RNA or tRNA

36
Q

describe translation process

A
  • the ribosome binds to the mRNA and finds the start codon
  • tRNA are directed to the codons on the mRNA by the ribosome and add specific amino acids to build the protein
  • translation will terminate at a stop codon and the ribosome will leave the mRNA
37
Q

occurs when an organism replicates its genome and passes it on to its own progency, reproduces through cell division

A

vertical gene transger

38
Q

when genetic material such as a part of the genome or a plasmid is transferred between individuals of unrelated generations

A

horizontal gene transfer

39
Q

transfer of DNA through a sex pilus

A

conjugation

40
Q

a bacteria dies, releasing its DNA into the environment, then another bacteria picks up this DNA

A

transformation

41
Q

DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another by a virus

A

transduction

42
Q

bacteria cells with the F plasmid

A

F+ and the donor

43
Q

bacteria cells without the F plasmid

A

F - and called the recipient

44
Q

who discovered transformation

A

fredrick griffith

45
Q

which strain was deadly to mice

A

the smooth strain because it had a capsule

46
Q

which strain was non pathogenic

A

the rough strain

47
Q
A

Microbiology (13 decks)

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