chapter 7 Flashcards
the study of the inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organisms genetic material
genetics
an organisms total DNA or DNA sequence
genome
a genome includes
all of an organisms genes and non-coding DNA
the DNA sequence that codes for a protein, the instructions to make a protein
Gene
thread like DNA is wrapped up around DNA binding proteins and condensed into loops
chromosome
what cells only have one copy of a chromosome, haploid
prokaryotic cells
what special DNA proteins do archea have that bacteria doesnt
histones
chromosome is mostly composed of
DNA but also includes associated proteins and RNA
small, circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently from the chromosomes, non essential for survival
plasmids
contains genes that give resistance to antibiotics or environmental toxins
resistant plasmid
contains genes sometimes reffered to as transfer genes that have the instructions for transferring DNA through the sex pilus
fertility plasmid
contains genes for enzymes, toxins, or structures that allow bacteria to infect a host, found in pathogenic bacteria
virulence plasmid
contains genes that produce toxins or bacteriocins that kill other bacteria species
bacteriocins plasmids
eukaryotic genomes:
- more than one chromosome per cell
- linear DNA
- diploid
- have histones
DNA strands are held together by
hydrogen bonds
two long strands of nucleotides twisted together in pairs to form double helix
DNA
structure of each strand of DNA
alternating bases, phosphate that binds to sugar
the nitrogenous bases in DNA
thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine
what sugars in DNA
pentose or deoxyribose
what charge is phosphate
-
adenine pairs with
thymine
guanine pairs with
cytosine
this pairing of bases is called
complementary base pairing
DNA replication is a what process
semiconservative
DNA copied into RNA
transcription
RNA converted into a protein
translation
the region before the gene that transcription starts
promoter
region after the gene where transcription ends
terminator
describe process of transcription
- RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and unwinds DNA
- RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA using DNA as a template
- RNA polymerase reaches the terminator and transcription stops
four nitrogenous bases of RNA
adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
the sugar of RNA
ribose
RNA is single or double stranded
single
a gene found in DNA is transcribed into RNA
messenger RNA or m RNA
found in ribosomes, acts as an enzyme adding amino acids to a growing protein chain during translation
ribosomal RNA or rRNA
this form of RNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome during translation
transfer RNA or tRNA
describe translation process
- the ribosome binds to the mRNA and finds the start codon
- tRNA are directed to the codons on the mRNA by the ribosome and add specific amino acids to build the protein
- translation will terminate at a stop codon and the ribosome will leave the mRNA
occurs when an organism replicates its genome and passes it on to its own progency, reproduces through cell division
vertical gene transger
when genetic material such as a part of the genome or a plasmid is transferred between individuals of unrelated generations
horizontal gene transfer
transfer of DNA through a sex pilus
conjugation
a bacteria dies, releasing its DNA into the environment, then another bacteria picks up this DNA
transformation
DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another by a virus
transduction
bacteria cells with the F plasmid
F+ and the donor
bacteria cells without the F plasmid
F - and called the recipient
who discovered transformation
fredrick griffith
which strain was deadly to mice
the smooth strain because it had a capsule
which strain was non pathogenic
the rough strain
