chapter 7

Question 1

the study of the inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organisms genetic material

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

an organisms total DNA or DNA sequence

Answer 2

genome

Question 3

a genome includes

Answer 3

all of an organisms genes and non-coding DNA

Question 4

the DNA sequence that codes for a protein, the instructions to make a protein

Answer 4

Gene

Question 5

thread like DNA is wrapped up around DNA binding proteins and condensed into loops

Answer 5

chromosome

Question 6

what cells only have one copy of a chromosome, haploid

Answer 6

prokaryotic cells

Question 7

what special DNA proteins do archea have that bacteria doesnt

Answer 7

histones

Question 8

chromosome is mostly composed of

Answer 8

DNA but also includes associated proteins and RNA

Question 9

small, circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently from the chromosomes, non essential for survival

Answer 9

plasmids

Question 10

contains genes that give resistance to antibiotics or environmental toxins

Answer 10

resistant plasmid

Question 11

contains genes sometimes reffered to as transfer genes that have the instructions for transferring DNA through the sex pilus

Answer 11

fertility plasmid

Question 12

contains genes for enzymes, toxins, or structures that allow bacteria to infect a host, found in pathogenic bacteria

Answer 12

virulence plasmid

Question 13

contains genes that produce toxins or bacteriocins that kill other bacteria species

Answer 13

bacteriocins plasmids

Question 14

eukaryotic genomes:

Answer 14

• more than one chromosome per cell
• linear DNA
• diploid
• have histones

Question 15

DNA strands are held together by

Answer 15

hydrogen bonds

Question 16

two long strands of nucleotides twisted together in pairs to form double helix

Answer 16

DNA

Question 17

structure of each strand of DNA

Answer 17

alternating bases, phosphate that binds to sugar

Question 18

the nitrogenous bases in DNA

Answer 18

thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine

Question 19

what sugars in DNA

Answer 19

pentose or deoxyribose

Question 20

what charge is phosphate

Answer 20

-

Question 21

adenine pairs with

Answer 21

thymine

Question 22

guanine pairs with

Answer 22

cytosine

Question 23

this pairing of bases is called

Answer 23

complementary base pairing

Question 24

DNA replication is a what process

Answer 24

semiconservative

Question 25

DNA copied into RNA

Answer 25

transcription

Question 26

RNA converted into a protein

Answer 26

translation

Question 27

the region before the gene that transcription starts

Answer 27

promoter

Question 28

region after the gene where transcription ends

Answer 28

terminator

Question 29

describe process of transcription

Answer 29

1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and unwinds DNA 2. RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA using DNA as a template 3. RNA polymerase reaches the terminator and transcription stops

Question 30

four nitrogenous bases of RNA

Answer 30

adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

Question 31

the sugar of RNA

Answer 31

ribose

Question 32

RNA is single or double stranded

Answer 32

single

Question 33

a gene found in DNA is transcribed into RNA

Answer 33

messenger RNA or m RNA

Question 34

found in ribosomes, acts as an enzyme adding amino acids to a growing protein chain during translation

Answer 34

ribosomal RNA or rRNA

Question 35

this form of RNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome during translation

Answer 35

transfer RNA or tRNA

Question 36

describe translation process

Answer 36

- the ribosome binds to the mRNA and finds the start codon - tRNA are directed to the codons on the mRNA by the ribosome and add specific amino acids to build the protein - translation will terminate at a stop codon and the ribosome will leave the mRNA

Question 37

occurs when an organism replicates its genome and passes it on to its own progency, reproduces through cell division

Answer 37

vertical gene transger

Question 38

when genetic material such as a part of the genome or a plasmid is transferred between individuals of unrelated generations

Answer 38

horizontal gene transfer

Question 39

transfer of DNA through a sex pilus

Answer 39

conjugation

Question 40

a bacteria dies, releasing its DNA into the environment, then another bacteria picks up this DNA

Answer 40

transformation

Question 41

DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another by a virus

Answer 41

transduction

Question 42

bacteria cells with the F plasmid

Answer 42

F+ and the donor

Question 43

bacteria cells without the F plasmid

Answer 43

F - and called the recipient

Question 44

who discovered transformation

Answer 44

fredrick griffith

Question 45

which strain was deadly to mice

Answer 45

the smooth strain because it had a capsule

Question 46

which strain was non pathogenic

Answer 46

the rough strain