chapter 6.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

forms of oxygen that are highly reactive and behave like oxidizing agents, stealing electrons from chemicals

A

toxic forms of oxygen

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2
Q

when a molecule loses electrons during a chemical reaction

A

oxidization

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3
Q

when a molecule gains electrons during a chemical reaction

A

reduction

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4
Q

a molecule that strips electrons from other molecules

A

oxidizing agent

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5
Q

four toxic forms of oxygen

A
  • singlet oxygen
  • superoxide radical
  • peroxide anion
  • hydroxyl radical
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6
Q

an enzyme that some aerobes have that converts Hydrogen Peroxide into water and oxygen

A

catalase

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7
Q

hydrogen peroxide naturally converts to what unless there is catalase present

A

peroxide anions or hyrdroxyl radicals

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8
Q

protect against oxidizing agents from stealing electrons through donating electrons to oxidizing agents which quenches their thirst for electrons

A

antioxidants

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9
Q

nitrogen is needed to synthesize

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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10
Q

where is nitrogen found

A
  • amino group of amino acids
  • nucleotides that make up DNA/RNA
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11
Q

low levels of lack of nitrogen do what

A

limit growth of microbe since DNA and proteins are required to grow in size or reproduce through cell division

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12
Q

needed for synthesis of nucleic acids and ATP

A

phosphorous

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13
Q

energy currency in cells

A

ATP

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14
Q

phosphate backbone of DNA

A

nucleic acids

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15
Q

element found in some amino acids

A

sulfur

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16
Q

sulfur allows for

A

3D structures and protein folding

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17
Q

elements that are required in very small amounts, but still essential

A

trace elements

18
Q

organic chemicals that cannot be synthesized by certain microorganisms that boost growth

A

growth factors

19
Q

important physical factor in microbial growth because it affects protein structure and plasma membrane structure

A

temperature

20
Q

protein that unfolds and works uncorrectly

A

denaturing

21
Q

if the temp is too low the plasma membrane becomes

A

too rigid/fragile, close together and will shatter

22
Q

if temp is too high the plasma membrane

A

becomes too fluid like, moves away from eachother

23
Q

generally grow best below 15 degrees and are found in cold water ice and snowfields, cannot infect humans

A

psychrophiles

24
Q

generally grow best between 20-40 degrees celsius and are found in most environments, pathogenic to humans

A

mesophiles

25
Q

this bacteria grows in extreme heat which include boiling water of hot springs

A

thermophiles/hyperthermophiles

26
Q

how can thermophiles/hyperthermophiles survive in their envrionment

A

avoid denaturing and damage as they often have extra hydrogen and covalent bonds that maintain structure

27
Q

the lowest temp the bacteria will grow at, growth is slow

A

minimum temp

28
Q

highest temp the bacteria will grow at, growth is slow

A

maximum temp

29
Q

growth of bacteria is the fastest at this temp

A

optimal temp

30
Q

what happens to the bacteria cell when it is at a temp higher than its maximum temp

A
  • plasma membrane melts causing vital chemicals to leak out
  • proteins denature or unfold, proteins not native in shape will not work
31
Q

what happens to a bacteria cell when it is at a temp lower than it minimum temp

A
  • plasma membrane becomes rigid and shatters
  • metabolism slows down, reproduces slows
32
Q

microorganisms that grow in a narrow pH range that is close to neutral

A

neutrophiles

33
Q

thrive in environments with a pH less than 5

A

acidophiles

34
Q

live in alkaline soils and water up to pH 11.5

A

alkalinophiles

35
Q

pH below 7

A

acid

36
Q

pH above 7

A

basic

37
Q

movement of water across a semipermeable from high concentration to low concentration

A

osmosis

38
Q

solutions have low solute concentration or high water concentration compared to the inside of the bacteria cell, bacteria will burst

A

hypotonic

39
Q

solutions have high solute concentration or low water concentration compared to the inside of a bacteria cell, will shrink

A

hypertonic

40
Q

Biofilm functions:

A
  1. allow bacteria to adhere to the environment or other bacteria better
  2. sequesters or takes in additional water and nutrients
  3. serves as a physical form of protection from other microorganisms or harmful toxins

(make microorganisms more harmful or pathogenic)

41
Q

how biofilm is produced

A
  1. bacteria cells secrete quorum sensing molecules
  2. quorum sensing molecules detect the presence of other individuals
  3. quorum sensing molecules then activate genes involved in the production of biofilms
  4. channels develop in biofilm that allow for the transport of water