Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a chemical that kills or stops the growth of a microorganism

A

antibiotic or antimicrobial agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the antibiotic is produced by and organism and then engineered in a lab to be more effective, longer lasting or easier to administer

A

semisynthetic antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

antibiotics that are completely made in a lab

A

synthetic antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the antibiotic is more toxic to the pathogen than our cells

A

selective toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

who proposed the idea of chemotherapy, the use of chemicals that would selectively kill pathogens with little to no harm to the patient

A

paul ehrlich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chemicals that would bind to the receptors of bacteria while ignoring host cells that did not possess the same receptors

A

magic bullets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

who discovered the antibacterial action of penicillin released from pencicillium mold which created a zone where bacteria could not grow

A

alexander fleming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

discovered the first antimicrobial agent affective in treating a wide range of bacterial infections (broad spectrum antibiotic)

A

gerhard domagk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stops the synthesis of folic acid which is required for the synthesis of RNA in DNA in bacteria only

A

sulfanilamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

discovered that microbes are an invaluable source of producing antimicrobial agents

A

selman waksman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does streptomyocin work

A

binds to small subunit of the ribosome blocking protein synthesis in bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the antimicrobial strategy to stop cell wall synthesis

A

stop enzymes from making NAM-NAM cross bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a class of drugs that contain a beta-lactam ring that irreversibly binds to enzymes that produce NAM-NAM cross bridges

A

beta-lactams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

EXAM QUESTION #1

A

Bacteria cells need to produce peptidoglycan strands and add them to their cell wall to grow and divide. They use an enzyme to make NAM-NAM tetrapeptide cross bridges to attach the new peptidoglycan strands to the cell wall. Beta-lactam drugs irreversibly bind to the enzyme that makes tetra cross bridges which weakens cells wall which will then result in death by osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

block the formation of specific alanine crossbridges which weakens the cell wall

A

vancomyocin and cycloserine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

blocks transport of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm; if you cannot get NAG and NAM out of the cytoplasm you cannot build the cell wall

A

bacitracin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the only drugs that disrupt mycolic acid formation in mycobacterium

A

isoniazad and ethambutol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

examples of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A

tetracyclin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which drug binds to the ribosome and blocks the tRNA from being able to dock and deliver a new amino acid - the synthesis of the protein is prevented

A

tetracycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a critical support molecule in the plasma membrane that fungi contain, lipid that maintains the structural integrity of the cell membrane of fungal cells

A

ergosterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

class of fungicides that bind to ergosterol

A

polyenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a polyene that binds to ergosterol and drills a hole through it

A

amphotericin B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

drugs that inhibit the cell’s ability to make ergosterol

A

azoles and allylamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens without ergosterol

A

a fungal cell’s cytoplasmic membrane does not remain intact -> cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why are azoles and allylamines harmless to humans

A

they target a chemical pathway to produce ergosterol that does not exist in our bodies

26
Q

binds to DNA and effectively blocks DNA replication and RNA transcription not only in bacteria but in their host cells - affected because bacteria and cancer cells divide much faster that normal cells in our body

used to treat bacterial infections and in chemotherapy

A

actinomycin

27
Q

inhibit the activity of an enzyme called DNA gyrase stopping DNA replication

A

quinolones

28
Q

an enzyme that exists only in prokaryotes and is necessary for the correct coiling and uncoiling of DNA that is replication

A

DNA gyrase

29
Q

binds to RNA polymerase a lot more in prokaryotes than eukaryotes which stops transcription in bacteria - they then cannot make mRNA and bacteria cannot make proteins without mRNA

A

rifampin

30
Q

molecules that are structurally very similar to the normal nucleotides

A

nucleotide analogs

31
Q

the sum of all reactions that occur in an organism and provide energy for sustaining living processes

A

metabolism

32
Q

affect metabolic process that are unique to pathogens and do not occur in humans

A

antimetabolic agents

33
Q

prokaryotes convert PABA into

A

folic acid

34
Q

acts as a coenzyme that is required to synthesize nucleotides

A

folic acid

35
Q

act as structural analog of PABA and bind to an enzyme involved in its conversion to folic acid

A

sulfonamides or sulfa drugs

36
Q

what is the strategy to inhibit virus attachment to a cell

A

use a protein or carbohydrate that blocks the chemical interaction between a virus and a host cell

37
Q

class of drugs being researched that prevent virus from attaching to a host cell which prevents injection of viral DNA

A

attachment antagonists

38
Q

antiviral drugs that prevent dissociation of the protein coat which is necessary for a virus to inject into a host cell

A

dissociation antagonists

39
Q

prevent the release of newly formed viruses from host cells

A

transition antagonists

40
Q

characteristic of ideal antibiotic

A
  • inexpensive
  • readily available
  • chemically stable
  • easily administered
  • non-toxic
  • selectively toxic against a wide range of pathogens
41
Q

effective against few organisms

A

narrow spectrum

42
Q

effective against many organisms

A

broad spectrum

43
Q

if normal flora is killed what happens

A

there is additional space and resources for pathogens and bacteria to colonize which leads to secondary infections

44
Q

the bacteria that are part of our normal flora occupy space and use resources preventing bacteria from gaining access to our body or colonize

A

microbial antagonism

45
Q

number of different pathogens a drug acts against

A

spectrum of action

46
Q

what is the diffusion of susceptibility test also known as

A

kirby-bauer test

47
Q

clear area where the pathogen did not grow

A

zone of inhibition

48
Q

how does the molecular wight of the antibiotic affect the size of the zone of inhibition

A

light weight diffuses a larger distance into agar where heavy weight diffuses a small distance from disc

49
Q

the smallest amount of an antibiotic that will stop growth and reproduction of a pathogen

A

minimum inhibitory concentration

50
Q

the mic is often determined by a

A

broth dilution test

51
Q

drug used for external infection

A

topical application

52
Q

requires no needles and is self-administered

A

oral route

53
Q

administration delivers drug via needle into muscle

A

intramuscular

54
Q

administration delivers drug directly to the bloodstream

A

intravenous

55
Q

resistance by bacteria aquired in two ways

A
  1. new mutations of chromosomal genes
  2. acquisition of resistance plasmids via conjugation, transduction, and translation
56
Q

resistant and persistors are in the majority or minority

A

minority

57
Q

what is in the majority

A

regular bacteria

58
Q

cells in a population that resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs despite being genetically identical to susceptible cells

A

persister cells

59
Q

why are persister cells believed to be tolerant

A

metabolically inactive and grow slowly

60
Q
A

Microbiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions