chapter 16 Flashcards
the bodys ability to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens and their products
adaptive immunity
an adaptive immune response that acts against one particular pathogen or molecular shape on pathogen
specificity
the specific pathogen causes or induces immune response it is off until turned on
inducibility
once induced cells of an adaptive immune response proliferate to form many identical cells
clonality
the adapative immune response will not attack host cells
unresponsiveness to self
immunological memory for specific pathogen
memory
adaptive response involves
b and t lymphocytes
in the red bone marrow and are a stem cell that gives rise to all types of blood cells
hematopoiteic cells
arise and mature in red bone marrow
b lymphocytes
arise in red bone marrow mature in the thymus
t lymphocytes
an immune response controlled and carried out by t cells
cell-mediated response
used against intracellular pathogens, a virus inside of a cell
t cells
an immune response controlled and carried out by b cells
antibody or humoral immune response
used against extracellular pathogens and toxins
b cells
a protective protein secreted by descendants of b cell that recognizes and strongly binds to a unique part or biochemical on a pthogen called an antigen
antibody
lymphatic vessels with lymph and lymphatic organs
lymphatic system
a colorless fluid similar in composition to blood plasma, leaks out of blood vessels into surrounding intercellular space
lymph
contain b and t lymphocytes that screen fluid for pathogens
lymph nodes
contains a web of passages where lymphocytes mount specific attacks against pathogens
inner medulla
b cells replicate in an
outer cortex
lymph leaves at what and arrives at what
leaves at efferent, arrives at afferent
filters blood to remove old and damged red blood cells and contain lymphocytes to eliminate pathogens
spleen
filters air entering respiratory tract, lack inbound and outbound vessels, they survey microbes that enter mouth and nasal passage
tonsils
line regions in the boyd that contain a mucous membrane and trap and eliminate pathogens, filters sea of mucous moving across the mucous membrane
MALTs
antigens contain 3d regions called what that dictate the adaptive immune response
epitope
structers on the outside of surface of microbes like cell walls, membranes, flagella, and pili. toxins or extracellular enzymes
exogenous antigens
pathogens that reproduce inside a bodys cells. our lymphocytes only detect these antigens if our cells incorporate or add them to their plasma membrane during the infection
endogenous antigens
molecules that are produced by our own cells, in autoimmune disorders our immune system believes they are foreign even though they are not
autoantigens
found in MALTS, lymph nodes, tonsils, and the spleen, secrete antibodies
b lymphocyte
b cell receptors are also known as
immunoglobulins
which region binds to the epitope
variable region
when b cells are activated they are called
plasma cell
binds to a critical part of toxin preventing it from damaging the cell
neutrilization
stimulates and aids in phagocytosis, the antibodies act like handles that allow phagocytes to adhere or grab onto
opsonization
damages pathogens and can completely eliminate them, these antibodies steal electrons from biochemicals and cell structures in the pathogen.
oxidation
each antibody has two binding sites and bind two pathogens at once
agglutination
natural killer lymphocytes bind to antibodies creating a hole in the cell membrane and release and enzyme that trigger cell death
antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
the first antibody produces in adaptive immune response - triggers inflammation and also can agglutinate or neutralize a pathogen
igM
what is it called when a cell switches to produce other classes of antibodies
class switching
antibody that is the most common and longest lasting antibody and has the most functions, triggers ADCC, neutralize and opsonize a pathogen, moves through blood the easiest and fastest, blocks access to our blood
IgG
ciculates in our blood and it can agglutinate or neutralize pathogens
IgA
involved in a response to parasites and allergens, trigger mast cells and basophils to release inflammatory chemicals
IgE
act against intracellular pathogens and body cells that produce abnormal antigens
t lymphocytes
most common t lymphocyte, directly kills viral infected cells
cytotoxic t lymphocyte
creates pore in cell membrane of pathogen
perforin
enzyme that triggers apoptosis or cells death
granzyme
programmed cell death
apoptosis
help regulate the activity of b cells and cytotoxic t cells
helper t lymphocyte
assist t cells regulate innate immunity
type 1
function in conjugation with b cells, secrete interleukin 4
type 2
act to slow down and completely turn off the adaptive immune response
regulatory t lymphocytes
