Chapter 3 Flashcards
Four processes necessary for life
growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism
must be able to increase in size
growth
must be able to increase in number
reproduction
alone, one parent
asexual
gametes/sex cells fuse
sexual
the ability to respond and change to environmental stimuli and conditions
responsivness
obtain nutrients from the outside environment and convert them to energy
metabolism
breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules which releases energy
catabolism
synthesizing larger molecules from smaller molecules which requires energy
anabolism
prokaryotic cells lack a
nucleus
prokaryotic cells lack organelles with
phospholipid membranes
how large are prokaryotic cells
1.0 micrometer (tiny)
prokaryotic are simple or complex
simple
prokaryotic cells are found in only
bacteria and archea
prokaryotic cells are multicellular or unicellular
ONLY ever unicellular
eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus
Eukaryotic cells have
membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic cells are larger or smaller
larger
Eukaryotic cells are simple or complex
complex
What are eukaryotic cells found in
algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, plants
Are eukaryotic cells uni or multicellular
BOTH
Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell
glycocalyces
what do glycocalyces do
protect the cell from drying out, aids in causing disease, sticks to surfaces, resists host immune response
two types of glycocalyces
capsule and slime layer
thickened and hard glycocalyx
capsule
what does a capsule do
acts as a camouflage, hides the bacteria from the hosts immune system
watery loosely attached glyocalyx
slime layer
what does the slime layer do
traps nutrients, allows bacteria to attach to host cells and environmental surfaces, allows bacteria to stick together
long, filament like structure that extend beyond the cell surface to provide the bacteria cell the ability to move
flagella
three parts of flagella
filament, hook, basal body
hollow tube that extends into the environment and is made of flagellin protein
filament
which is the longest part of the flagella
the filament
curved shaft that connects the filament to the basal body
hook
passes through the cell wall anchoring the filament and the hook to the cell membrane
basal body
basal body is composed of what
rod and protein rings
one flagella on only one side
monotrichous
having a single flagellum on each of two opposite sides
amphitrichous
multiple flagella that are attached at one end/point
lophotrichous
having flagella all over or covering the entire surface
peritrichous
function of flagella
rotates clockwise or counterclockwise to propel bacterium through environment
movement in a single direction for some time due to counterclockwise rotation
run
abrupt, random change in a single direction due to a clockwise rotation of the flagella
tumble
sticky rod like projections, shorter than flagella
fimbriae
purpose of fimbriae
used to adhere to one another and to substances in environment
fimbriae can attach to or form a sticky substance called
biofilm
special type of fimbriae
pilli
what is pilli also called
conjugation pilli
purpose of pilli
allow bacteria to transfer DNA from one cell to another in a process called conjugation (can transfer resistance)
provides strength and maintains the cell’s shape, protects the cell from water pressure
cells wall
most bacteria cell walls are composed of
peptidoglycan
what two types of sugars is peptidoglycan composed of
NAG and NAM
chains of peptidogylcan are held together by
tetrapeptide cross bridges
tetrapeptide cross bridges always and only attach to which molecules
NAM
gram positive cell walls
-contain thick layer of peptidoglycan
- contain techoic acid
-contain lipoteichoic acid
-stain appears purple
add stability to the cell wall by keeping the peptidoglycan chains tightly packed
teichoic acid
bind and anchor the peptidoglycan to the cell membrane
lipoteichoic acid
gram negative cell walls
- thin layer of peptidoglycan
- contain outer membrane on top of the peptidoglycan which contains phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides
-gram stain appears pink
when gram negative cells die the cell wall breaks down releasing
lipid A
Lipid A can trigger
vasodilation, inflammation, shock and blood clotting
a lipid connected to a polysaccharide sugar
lipopolysaccharides
space between the outer membrane and cell membrane which contains water, nutrients, and digestive enzymes
periplasmic space
the plasma membrane in bacteria is a
phospholipid bilayer
what does the cell membrane have
integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and glycoproteins
most integral proteins are
transmembrane (transport proteins)
allow water soluble molecules or ions through the membrane
channel
bind a chemical and allow its passage through the membrane
carrier protein
these proteins attach to protein filaments that are apart of the cytoskeleton and support the plasma membrane, and are on the surface of one side of the membrane, and are involved in chemical reactions functioning as enzymes
peripheral proteins
Function of cell membrane
- convert light energy into ATP
- selectively permeable
- brings in nutrients and remove waste
- contain proteins that use energy to move chemical into or out of the cells against a concentration gradient
what does the inside of the bacteria cell contain
cytoplasm, cytosol, nucleoid, inclusions, ribosomes, cytoskeleton
gelatinous material inside the cell
cytoplasm
liquid portion of the cytoplasm that is mostly water
cytosol
region in the cytoplasm that contains DNA organized into one circular chromosome
nucleoid
reserve deposits of biochemicals such as lipids, starches, minerals
inclusions
made up of both RNA and protein, site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
a network of protein filaments that play a role in forming cells basic shape
cytoskeleton
active, happy, living form of bacteria
vegetative cells
dormant, hardy form of bacteria
endospore
endospore protects bacteria against
unfavorable and harsh environmental conditions
How does a vegetative cell turn into endospore
- DNA is copied
- cytoplasmic membrane surrounds copied DNA (two membranes)
- cortex forms
- spore forms around the cortex
how do ribosomes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ
ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes, and in prokaryotes ribosomes freely float
FUNCTION IS THE SAME
function to produce ATP through aerobic respiration
mitochondria
convert light energy into ATP through photosynthesis
chloroplast
why do mitochondria and chloroplasts look like bacteria or prokaryotic cells
- both are the only organelles to have a circular molecule of DNA
- both have 70s ribosomes
features of archea that differ from bacteria
- flagella filaments are not hollow whereas bacteria filaments are
- have a special fimbriae called hamus that has three prickles resembling a grappling hook and provides enhanced attachment
- cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan but other variety of polysaccharides and proteins
