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Psychology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

All five units

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1
Q

How many paragraphs should an essay have?

A

as many paragraphs as you need to fully respond to the prompt

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2
Q

What are scientifically supported study strategies?

A

testing effect, spaced practice, learning to teach, interleaving

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3
Q

Falsifiable

A

able to be proven false

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4
Q

Why is replication important?

A

it allows for verification and validation of findings

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5
Q

What type of study can demonstrate a casual relationship?

A

experimental research

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6
Q

Representative sample

A

a subset of a population that is used to reflect the characteristics of the larger group

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7
Q

Random sample

A

a subset of a population that is randomly selected to represent an entire group

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8
Q

Correlation coefficients

A

indicates a measure of the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

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10
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

genetically identical

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11
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins

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12
Q

If there are differences between monozygotic twins what must it be due to?

A

Their environments

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13
Q

Thalamus

A

“relay center” relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Three divisions of the brain

A

Forebrain: Thoughs and actions.
Midbrain: Voulntaryand reflxex movement.
Hindbrain: Regulates autonomic functions,

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15
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions.

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16
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain.

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17
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory.

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18
Q

Occupational Lobe

A

responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion.

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19
Q

Amygdala

A

processing of emotions and memories associated with fear

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20
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The study of behavior, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology

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21
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses including vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch

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22
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers transmitted through blood

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23
Q

Endorphins

A
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24
Q

Cones

A

are clustered near the center of the retina, detect fine detail and color

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25
Q

Four parenting styles

A

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved

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26
Q

Discrimination

A

recognizing differences in similar stimuli (flinching at the sound of a gun but not at a firework)

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27
Q

Extinction

A

when the association goes away

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28
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Add something to increase the desired behavior

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29
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Add something to decrease undesired behavior

30
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Remove something to increase desired behavior

31
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Remove something to decrease undesired behavior

32
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

What learner can do with guidance, what learner can do without guidance, what learner can’t do even with guidance

33
Q

Personality

A

characteristic patter of thinking feeling, and acting

34
Q

When are we more likely to be attracted to somebody?

A

physical attractiveness and sociability

35
Q

Solomon Asch Study on Conformity

A

if individuals followed or defied a majority group and the effect of such influences on beliefs and opinions

36
Q

Stanly Milgrams Study of Obedience to Authority

A

How far people will go if an authority figure is telling us to, and cognitive dissonance

37
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Personal factors influence environmental factors influence behaviors

38
Q

Atkinson and Shifrin’s 3 step memory model

A

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

39
Q

What is personality mainly determined by?

A

genetics and environment

40
Q

What is correlated with longer lasting relationships?

A

friendship, dedication and caring

41
Q

Stereotype

A

generalized beliefs about a group of people

42
Q

Informative social Influence

A

we are influenced by other peoples perceptions of reality

43
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

we are influences by our need to gain approval and avoid disapproval

44
Q

Bystander Effect

A

diffusion of responsibility

45
Q

Just World Phenomenon

A

wanting to believe that the world is fair and therefore people get what they deserve

46
Q

Prejudice

A

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members

47
Q

Explicit Prejudice

A

prejudice that we know about and recognize

48
Q

Implicit Prejudice

A

prejudice that we are not always consciously aware of but that still impacts our behavior

49
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

a large part of our self concept is based on our membership in certain social groups and our perceptions of people who arnt

50
Q

Big 5 Personality Traits

A

extroversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism

51
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

overvaluing the dispositional attribution and undervaluing the situational attribution

52
Q

4 D’s of Psychopathology

A

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

53
Q

What are eating disorders really about?

A

control

54
Q

What are dissociative disorders almost always about?

A

sense of self

55
Q

What are the two most common psychological disorders?

A

anxiety and depression

56
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorder

A

conditions with onset during the developmental period usually early development

57
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

limited capacity for empathy, disregard for the rights of others, childhood diagnosis of conduct disorder

58
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions

59
Q

Medical Model

A

have symptoms, can be treated, things can happen to people, medications can help, specific diagnosis

60
Q

PTSD

A

intrusive, avoidance, heightened arousal, changes in thoughts and feelings
Ex: haunting nightmares, memories, social withdrawal, insomnia, numbness.

61
Q

Mania

A

decreased need for sleep, talking more, more energy, feeling euphoric, impulsive behaviors

62
Q

ADHD

A

Hyperactivity or impulsivity, often fidgets, restlessness, unable to play or leisurely quietly, talks excessively, often interrupts.

63
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Social communication deficits, nonverbal communication, social reciprocity, deficits in understanding relationships.
Restrictive/Repetitive Patterns, motor movements, use of objects or speech, difficulty changing from a routine, highly restricted fixated interests, hyper-hyporeactivity to sensory stimuli

64
Q

Therapeutic Orientation

A

the way therapist does therapy and that theory it’s based on

65
Q

Is therapy effective?

A

yes

66
Q

What accounts for most change in therapy?

A

Extra-therapeutic factors, therapeutic alliance (relationship), therapeutic orientation, placebo/hope

67
Q

What are the APA ethical codes?

A

Beneficence and Non-Maleficence
- Protect rights and welfare. Do good and do no harm
Fidelity and Responsibility
- moral responsibility to uphold high ethical standards
Integrity
- never attempt to deceive or misrepresent
Justice
- be fair and treat people with respect
Respect for rights and Dignity
- privacy and confidentiality

68
Q

Insight Based therapies

A

psycho-dynamic: develop self-insight
- understanding important relationships and events (like childhood experiences and therapist-client relationships
humanistic: person-centered therapy
- active listening, attitudes of empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

69
Q

Cognitive Based Therapy

A

cognitive behavioral therapy

70
Q

Dodo Bird Verdict

A

empirical work: most empirically validated therapies work about equally well
- The more specific the problem the better the outcomes
- some forms of therapy are better with some kinds of problems

71
Q

What three things are common to all psychotherapies?

A

generate hope, provide a new perspective, form a therapeutic alliance

72
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

non-judgemental respect

Psychology (24 decks)

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