Exam #2 Study Guide

Question 1

Rods

Answer 1

Detect, black, white, grey, and peripheral and twilight

Question 2

Cones

Answer 2

Are clustered near the center of the retina, detect fine detail and colors

Question 3

Perceptual Adaptation

Answer 3

We can adjust our perception even when our vision is changed

Question 4

Audition

Answer 4

the formal phrase for hearing

Question 5

Eardrum

Answer 5

When sound waves hit the eardrum it creates vibrations that travel through the middle ear to the inner ear.

Question 6

Cochlea

Answer 6

It changes sounds into nerve messages and sends them to your brain.

Question 7

Auditory Nerve

Answer 7

Hair cell movement triggers impulses in the auditory nerve — the brain interprets loudness from the number of activated hair cells

Question 8

Endorphins

Answer 8

hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress. They are produced in your brain and act as messengers in your body

Question 9

Gustation

Answer 9

consists of the perception of sensations that are usually described as having 1 or more basic taste qualities: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, or umami (savory/brothy)

Question 10

Olfaction

Answer 10

Olfactory neurons bypass the thalamus.

Question 11

Kinesthesia

Answer 11

Awareness of your body position and movement

Question 12

Vestibular Sense

Answer 12

Monitors your head’s position and movement

Question 13

Motor Development

Answer 13

Universal motor development sequence

Question 14

Skill Development

Answer 14

Growth in children of maturing muscles and nervous system (genes and cultural bound)

Question 15

Sensorimotor

Answer 15

Infants using senses to learn about themselves and things around them

Question 16

Preoperational Ego-centrism

Answer 16

Difficulty taking others view-point

Question 17

Preoperational Conservation

Answer 17

Infants cant understand changing of objects appearance

Question 18

Concrete Operational

Answer 18

Comprehending mathematical transformations, logical, and conversation ideas.

Question 19

Formal Operational

Answer 19

Abstract reasoning

Question 20

Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky’s Theory)

Answer 20

What learner can do without guidance, what learner can do with guidance, what learner can’t do even with guidance.

Question 21

Adolescence

Answer 21

The transitional stage from childhood to adulthood that occurs between ages 13 and 19.

Question 22

Identity

Answer 22

Personal identity, or the distinctive qualities or traits that make an individual unique.

Question 23

Classical Conditioning

Answer 23

The process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli.

Question 24

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 24

A stimulus that at first elicits no response.

Question 25

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 25

A stimulus that leads to an automatic response.

Question 26

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 26

A stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response.

Question 27

Conditioned Response

Answer 27

a behavior that does not come naturally, but must be learned by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus

Question 28

Acquisition

Answer 28

The initial stage of classical conditioning (when you start acquiring the learned association)

Question 29

Extinction

Answer 29

When the association goes away

Question 30

Generalization

Answer 30

Applying the association to more than just the continued stimulus

Question 31

Discrimination

Answer 31

Recognizing differences in similar stimuli (flinching at the sound of a gun but not at a firework)

Question 32

Operant Conditioning

Answer 32

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.

Question 33

Operant Chamber

Answer 33

allows researchers to study animal behaviour and response to conditioning

Question 34

Shaping

Answer 34

Gradually rewarding behaviors until the desired behavior is achieved.

Question 35

Reinforcement

Answer 35

something you do the encourage the behavior

Question 36

Punishment

Answer 36

Something you do to discourage the behavior

Question 37

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 37

Add something to increase the desired behavior

Question 38

Positive Punishment

Answer 38

Add something to decrease undesired behavior

Question 39

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 39

Remove something to increase the desired behavior

Question 40

Negative Punishment

Answer 40

Remove something to decrease undesired behavior.

Question 41

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 41

the repeated reinforcement of a behavior every time it happens.

Question 42

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 42

a conditioning process in which a behavior or response is reinforced only a portion of the time, rather than every time it occurs.

Question 43

Gender Expression

Answer 43

how a person publicly expresses or presents their gender.

Question 44

Gender Identity

Answer 44

each person’s internal and individual experience of gender

Question 45

Sex assigned at birth

Answer 45

the sex (male or female) assigned to an infant, most often based on the infant’s anatomical and other biological characteristics.

Question 46

Intersex

Answer 46

people who are born with genetic, hormonal or physical sex characteristics that are not typically ‘male’ or ‘female’.

Question 47

Cisgender

Answer 47

a person whose gender identity aligns in a traditional sense with the sex assigned to them at birth.

Question 48

Transgender

Answer 48

a person whose sex assigned at birth (i.e. the sex assigned at birth, usually based on external genitalia) does not align their gender identity

Question 49

Agender

Answer 49

gender nonconforming in that they do not consider themselves to have a gender. They reject the societal gender binary, which is male and female, and do not align themselves with either gender.

Question 51

Social Learning Theory

Answer 51

the philosophy that people can learn from each other through observation, imitation and modeling.