Final: Chapter 11

Question 1

The risk of a type II error can be determined using ___________ analysis (1-B).

Answer 1

Power

Question 2

What are the 4 parameters of a power analysis?

Answer 2

1. the level of significance (a = 0.05)
2. sample size
3. power (minimum acceptable power is = 0.80 (80%)
4. effect size (> 0.50: large)

Question 3

A theoretical frequency distribution of all possibles values in a population.

Answer 3

Normal Curve

Question 4

In a normal distribution curve, the _________, ___________, and __________ are =.

Answer 4

mode
median
mean

Question 5

levels of ___________ and ___________ are based on logic of the normal curve.

Answer 5

significance
probability

Question 6

in research, the probability that any data score will be with a certain range of a mean value is calculated based on the theory of the ________ _______.

Answer 6

normal curve

Question 7

What is probability theory?

Answer 7

Theory addressing statistical analysis from the perspective of the extent of relations or the probability of accurately predicting an event.
If probability is 0.23, the p = 0.23
There is a 23% probability that a particular event will occur.
Probability is usually expected to be p < 0.05 or p < 0.01

Question 8

What is decision theory?

Answer 8

Theory based on assumption associated with the theoretical normal curve
Used in testing for differences between groups, with the expectation that all the groups are members of the same population
The expectation is express as a null hypothesis, and the level of significance (alpha) is often set a 0.05 before data collection.

Question 9

What is a T-Test?

Answer 9

Test for significant differences between 2 samples
Most commonly used test of differences
Ex: t = 4.169 (p<0.05)

Question 10

What are the measures of central tendency?

Answer 10

mode
median
mean

Question 11

the numerical value or score that occurs with greatest frequency

Answer 11

mode

Question 12

the midpoint or the score at the exact center of the ungrouped frequency distribution – the 50th percentile

Answer 12

median

Question 13

the sum of the scores divided by the # if scores being summed

Answer 13

mean

Question 14

What is the measurement of dispersion?

Answer 14

scatterplots

Question 15

What are scatterplots?

Answer 15

Have 2 scales: horizontal axis (X) and vertical axis (Y)
Illustrate a relationship between 2 variables

Question 16

What is H0?

Answer 16

there is no difference between interventions and control group among variables

Question 17

what is type I error (a)?

Answer 17

occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true (ex: when the results indicate that there is a significant difference, when reality there is not)

Question 18

What is type II error (b)?

Answer 18

occurs when the null hypothesis is regarded as true but is in fact false (ex: the results indicate there is no significant difference, when in reality there is a difference)

Question 19

Test for differences between variance?

Answer 19

analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Question 20

What is ANOVA?

Answer 20

More flexible than other analyses in that it can examine data from 3 or more
If there are more than 2 groups under study, it is no possible to determine where the significant differences are
Post hoc test are used to determine the location of differences