Ch. 11 Exam 2 ?'s Flashcards
Which situation will involve the use of inferential statistics?
An examination of the differences between control and experimental group scores
A reviewer reads a research report and notes that the number of subjects in the original sample is larger than the number in the final analysis. Besides attrition of subjects, this discrepancy is
likely because
essential data is missing from subjects no longer included.
A parameter is a characteristic of
a population
A researcher identifies that 2 subjects in an experimental group had scores like those in the
control group, while the other 20 experimental group subjects had scores far different from
those in the control group. The researcher would consider the scores for the two subjects as
outlier scores
It is important to know the demographic variables among study subjects to
understand how well the sample represents the target population.
What statement is accurate about decision theory in understanding the statistical analysis
process?
It requires that the cutoff point selected for a study be absolute.
A researcher evaluates the internal consistency (reliability) a newly developed scale used in a pilot study and notes a Cronbach alpha coefficient of space 0.72. The researcher will
use the scale in the larger study and continue to monitor coefficient results
An appropriate level of significance for nursing research is either
0.05 or 0.01
To measure test-retest reliability of an instrument, a researcher may use the
Pearson’s correlation statistic
Which describes an outlier?
A data point with a value outside what is predicted by other data points
What is the purpose of using exploratory analysis in a research report?
To examine and describe data
The analysis of a nondirectional hypothesis is called a
two-tailed test of significance
An important goal of inferential statistical analysis is to
generalize results from the study to the target population
The nurse researcher understands that nonparametric analyses are conducted if the variables
are measured at what two levels?
nominal and ordinal
After a clinical drug trial to measure the effects of atorvastatin administration on low-density
lipoprotein levels, which of the following conclusion statements is acceptable in the research report?
Findings of clinical drug tests suggest that atorvastatin works to reduce low-density lipoprotein levels in study subjects.
In a discussion that includes the analysis of data collected during a pilot study, the researcher discusses the relationships and differences in data sets and makes predictions based on this analysis. The researcher will use which process?
Inferential analysis
A nurse conducts a study to evaluate the likelihood that single adolescent mothers will
breastfeed their newborn infants if they are given materials about the benefits of
breastfeeding. The results show a P value of .18. The nurse may conclude that
there is an 18% probability that this population will breastfeed their infants.
When critically appraising a study, the researcher understands that the data analysis process involves the management of numerical data and the statistical analysis of these data to produce study results. Which statement is true regarding the steps of the data analysis process?
Researchers present as complete a picture of the sample as possible in their report.
Which of the following is not one of the components of power analysis?
error type
In statistical analysis of data, the alpha value is used to
reveal whether the P value meets criteria for statistical significance.
A researcher studies the effects of a nursing intervention on a desired patient outcome and
discovers a statistically significant difference between groups receiving the intervention and those not receiving the intervention. The researcher concludes that the intervention is effective. This researcher has made a
statistical inference
When comparing a study with a level of significance of 0.05 with a study having a level of significance of 0.01, the researcher knows that the study with the level of significance of 0.05
is more likely to have a
type I error
When a researcher concludes that study findings are applicable to the total population, this is an example of
generalization
In research, the probability that any data score will be within a certain range of a mean value
is calculated based on the theory of
the normal curve
A researcher plans to apply a one-tailed test of significance when analyzing data from a study. Which is true about using this test?
This will decrease the possibility of a type II error when drawing conclusions about the data
In a study to examine motivational techniques to help adolescent smokers to quit smoking, the
null hypothesis states that the intervention will have no effect on this population. The
researcher establishes a level of significance of 0.01. When analyzing the data, the researcher
concludes that there is a significant difference between subjects receiving the intervention and those who do not. In this study, a type I error means there is a
1% chance that the conclusion is wrong
A researcher develops a study to examine the effects of Keep Yourself Safe Screening
(KYSS) on the incidence of intimate partner violence (IVP.) The study of significance is 0.05. The null hypothesis, that KYSS will have no effect on IPV, is found to be true. When reviewing the study for type II errors, the reviewer understands that
there is a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is false.
In a data set that has a normal distribution what percent of scores will be within two standard deviations above or below the mean?
95
A researcher conducts a power analysis for a study in which there was no difference between control and experimental group scores and identifies a power level of 0.75 and a level of significance of 0.05. What will this researcher do?
Consider repeating the study using a larger sample.
The concept of degrees of freedom refers to
the variability of a given score based on other scores.
The median scores of two groups participating in a study are exactly the same for a particular variable. This suggests that the
average score is the same for both groups.
Assuming a normal distribution, what range of numbers would include two thirds of the scores if they ranged from 50 to 99, M = 75, and SD = 5? Between
70 and 80
A researcher collects scores measuring weight among school-age children who are in an obesity prevention program and notes that several students are morbidly obese with most students falling within or below the 85th percentile for weight. The scores from the morbidly obese children will affect which measure of central tendency the most?
mean
A researcher will present demographic data about ethnicity, gender, and diagnoses about a
study population using which method?
ungrouped frequency distribution
A researcher wishes to present data identifying pain scores for a group of subjects using a grouped frequency distribution table. Which is true about using this method?
each group must have equivalent ranges in scores
When a data set has a normal distribution curve, which statement is true about the data?
the mode, median, and mean are equal values
Which describes the mode of a data set?
the score value occurring with greatest frequency
A researcher studying subjects who have pulmonary disease presents a data set to describe the different conditions the subjects experience and reports the following data. Which number
represents the mode for this data set?
asthma 4
COPD 6
chronic bronchitis 4
pulmonary hypertension 7
4.0
A researcher collects the following scores on a set of ranked data. Which is the median score?
a. 2
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
e. 10
f. 15
g. 18
h. 21
10
What is the mean value in the following set of scores?
a. 128
b. 128
c. 130
d. 135
e. 144
133
a researcher conducts a study and calculates a mean value of 100 in a set of scores ranging from 90 to 300. Which other measure will the researcher report when describing central tendency in this data set?
median
Which is true about a sample that is heterogeneous?
It has a wide variation in scores.
A researcher is analyzing the following data set. Which value represents the range?
a. 43
b. 46
c. 46
d. 57
e. 67
f. 69
g. 78
35
Which is true about the measure of a data set’s range?
it is sensitive to outliers in a data set
Which is true about the variance for scores in a data set?
The calculated score has no absolute value.
A researcher has calculated a variance of 9 for a data set. What is this data set’s standard
deviation?
3
A data set is found to approximate a normal curve and has a mean of 72.5 and a standard deviation of 10.8. In which range of numbers will 99% of the scores fall?
44.6-100.4
based on study data, a researcher predicts that a population mean will fall within a specific range of data. This is called the
confidence interval
A researcher analyzes scores from two studies in which patients’ temperatures were measured after antipyretic medications are given. One study measures temperatures in centigrade and
the other in Fahrenheit. The researcher will
determine a Z-score and then calculate measures of central tendency.
Which is true about a Z-score?
It is a standardized score used when data measures use different scales.
A researcher presents data to examine the relationship between income and weight and uses a scatterplot to display the results. The researcher places income level intervals along the vertical line in the graph. The reviewer knows that
the plot will show whether the relationship is negative or positive.
A researcher wishes to display scores representing the relationship between two variables. Which will the researcher use?
Scatterplots
Which is true about a correlational analysis technique?
It measures the relationship among variables.
A review of demographic data shows that mothers with higher levels of education have fewer
children. This represents which type of relationship?
negative
A review of demographic data shows that mothers with higher levels of education have fewer
children. In this example, the r value is likely to be
<0
A researcher calculates a Pearson product-moment coefficient of 0.2. The reviewer
understands that this value represents
a weak positive correlation.
A researcher correlates self-confidence measures with obesity rates and determines an r value of 0.8. What can the reviewer conclude when evaluating this research?
There is a 64% chance that variation in one score is the result of variation in the
other score.
Clinicians now can calculate a person’s myocardial infarction risk by evaluating several known risk factors, such as cholesterol levels and diabetes. This is possible because of
multiple regression analysis
What is true about the Chi-square test of independence?
The Chi-square test of independence is used to determine whether two variables
are related or independent.
Which circumstance will call for the use of analysis of variance (ANOVA)?
A researcher wishes to compare the difference in variance among four groups.
A researcher conducts an experimental study on patients at different outpatient clinics,
including clinics in inner city, suburban, and rural locations. To help ensure that differences in
scores are not related to clinic location, the researcher will apply which technique?
ANCOVA
In a study comparing weight gain between small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants who were
breastfed and SGA infants who were fed formula, researchers noted increased weight gain in infants who were held more regardless of how they were fed. This finding is an example of a
serendipitous result.
Which of the following are true statements about the research outcome addressing implications for nursing’? Select all that apply.
Implications for nursing are the meanings of conclusions from scientific research
for the body of nursing knowledge.
Implications for nursing provide specific suggestions for implementing the findings in nursing.
Which statements would the nurse researcher recognize as being true when using descriptive
statistics? Select all that apply.
Descriptive statistics allow researchers to organize numerical data in ways that
give meaning and facilitate insight.
Researchers report descriptive statistics in tables and in the narrative of the results
section of their study.
