Ch. 9 Exam 2

Question 1

A particular group of individuals or elements who are the focus of the research.

Answer 1

Population (Accessible, Target); TOP

Question 2

an entire set of individuals or elements who meet the sampling criteria.

Answer 2

target population; determined by sampling criteria

Question 3

the portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access.

Answer 3

accessible population; available to researchers

Question 4

individual units of the population and sample.

Answer 4

elements; participant, subject, object, or event —> BOTTOM

Question 5

Defines the selected group of people or elements from which data are collected for a study.

Answer 5

Sample; selected with sampling method

Question 6

Selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population. Selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to conduct a study. Members of the sample can be called the subjects or participants.

Answer 6

Sampling

Question 7

a listing of every member of the population, using the sampling criteria to define membership in the population. Subjects are selected from the sampling frame.

Answer 7

Sampling frame

Question 8

outline strategies used to obtain a sample for a study. Probability sampling plans and non-probability sampling plans.

Answer 8

Sampling plan

Question 9

Characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population. Ex: in a study of pts who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of moderate exercise on pts abilities to preform self-care. The researcher decides to use subjects between 70 and 80 years of age who have been diagnoses with dementia for less than 1 year.

Answer 9

inclusion criteria

Question 10

Characteristics that can cause a person or element to be excluded from the target population.

Answer 10

exclusion criteria

Question 11

A researcher uses a sample whose members have characteristics similar to those of the population from which it is drawn. Mean that the sample, access population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible.

Answer 11

Representativeness

Question 12

Extending the findings from the sample under study to the larger population. The extent is influenced by the quality of the study and consistency of the study’s findings.

Answer 12

Generalization

Question 13

Researchers may narrowly define the sampling -> Researcher may have difficult obtaining an adequately sized sample from the accessible population, which can limit the generalization of findings.

Answer 13

Probability Sampling (Generalizability increases)

Question 14

A sample in which subjects have a broad range of values being studies, which increased the representativeness of the sample and the ability to generalize from the accessible population to the target population. This sampling method is least likely to produce findings that are generalizable to a large population.
Convenience
Purposeful = judgmental or selective sampling
Theoretical Network —> network or snowball sampling or chain or nominated sampling.
Quota

Answer 14

Non-probability sampling (generalizability decreases)

Question 15

The expected difference in values that occurs when different subjects from the same sample are examined. Difference is random bc some values will be higher and others lower than the average population values.

Answer 15

random variation

Question 16

Consequence of selecting subjects whose measurement values differ in some specific way from those of the population. These values DO NOT VARY RANDOMLY around the population mean.

Answer 16

Systematic variation (bias)

Question 17

What are the 2 ways to define sampling criteria?

Answer 17

homogenous sample
heterogenous sample

Question 18

Researchers may narrowly define the sampling -> Researcher may have difficult obtaining an adequately sized sample from the accessible population, which can limit the generalization of findings.

Answer 18

homogenous sample

Question 19

A sample in which subjects have a broad range of values being studies, which increases the representativeness of the sample and the ability to generalize from the accessible population to the target population.

Answer 19

heterogenous sample

Question 20

% of subjects who declined to participate in the study, 80 subjects approached and 4 refused. 4 divided by 80 = 0.95 = 95% refusal rate.

Answer 20

refusal rate

Question 21

% of subjects who consented to be in the study. 80 subjects approached and 76 accepted. 76 divided by 80 = 0.95 = 95% acceptance rate.

Answer 21

acceptance rate

Question 22

withdrawal/drop of loss of subjects from a study. Attrition rate = # of subjects withdrawing divided by # of study subjects x 100. Ex: a researcher begins a study with 250 subjects, and 50 subjects drop out before the study is concluded. What is the attrition rate? 50/250*100 = 20%

Answer 22

sample attrition

Question 23

of subjects who remain in and complete a study.

Answer 23

sample retention

Question 24

the side of difference between the groups or the strength of the relationship between 2 variables. Small effect size <0.30 or <-0.30. Medium effect size = 0.30 to 0.50 or <-0.30 to -0.50. Large effect size >0.50 or >-0.50

Answer 24

effect size

Question 25

descriptive study tends to require a larger sample size than the others. Number of variables, measurement sensitivity, and data analysis techniques.

Answer 25

type of quantitative study conducted

Question 26

of study data occurs when additional sampling provides no new info.

Answer 26

saturation