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Anatomy and Physiology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

superior

A

above, toward head

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2
Q

proximal

A

toward point of attachment

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3
Q

medial

A

toward midline

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4
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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5
Q

distal

A

away from point of attachment

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6
Q

inferior

A

below, toward feet

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7
Q

cranial

A

toward head

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8
Q

posterior

A

back

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9
Q

anterior

A

front

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10
Q

caudal

A

toward tail

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11
Q

thoracic cavity contains

A

heart and lungs. boundaries are established by chest wall and diaphragm

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12
Q

abdominopelvic cavity contains

A

encloses the peritoneal cavity.
abdominal cavity: digestive glands and organs
pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, reproductive organs and last portion of digestive tract

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13
Q

homeostasis

A

presence of of a stable internal environment

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14
Q

initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the change in the orginal conditions

A

postitive feedback

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15
Q

an effector activated by the control center opposes or negates the original stimulus, minimizes change

A

negative feedback

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16
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

forms a complex molecule by removing a water molecule

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17
Q

hydrolysis:

A

one of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken and the components of a water molecule are added to resulting fragment

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18
Q

peroxisome

A

breakdown of organic compounds

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19
Q

lysosomes

A

breakdown of organic compounds and damaged organelles

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20
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area to facilitate absorption

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stores, alters, and packages synthesized products

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22
Q

ER

A

synthesis of secretory products

smooth: synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
rough: modifies and packages proteins

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23
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesizes

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24
Q

mitochondria

A

produces 95% of ATP required by the cell

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25
Q

cytoskeleton

A

strengthens and supports the cell

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26
Q

Isotonic solution

A

does not cause an osmotic flow of water into to out of cell

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27
Q

hypotonic solution

A

causes osmotic water flow into the cell. swell and burst

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28
Q

hypertonic solution

A

in osmotic movement of water out of cell. cell shriveled and dehydrates

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29
Q

diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. high to low

A

osmosis

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30
Q

passively transported across plasma membrane. No ATP required

A

facilitated diffusion

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31
Q

provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane. not dependent on concentration gradient. 3 Na+ ions and 2 K- ions

A

active transport

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32
Q

materials move into or out of cell in vesicles

A

vesicular transport

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33
Q

importing extracellular substances through the formation of vesicles at the bell surface

A

endocytosis

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34
Q

produces vesicles containing a specific target molecule

A

receptor-mediated

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35
Q

formation of endoscopes filled with extracellular fluid

A

pinocytosis

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36
Q

cell eating

A

phagocytosis

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37
Q

vesicle formed inside the cell fuses with and becomes part of plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

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38
Q

epithelial tissue

A

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions

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39
Q

hemidesosomes

A

attach deepest epithelial cells to basement membrane

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40
Q

tight junctions

A

between wo plasma membranes, intestinal tracts

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41
Q

gap junctions

A

allow for rapid communication. found in heart

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42
Q

demosomes

A

glue , provide firm attachment

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43
Q

cartilage

A

matrix is a firm gel of chondroitin sulfates and protein substances. shock absorption and protection. chondrocytes. no blood vessels

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44
Q

bone

A

small vol. of ground substance. matrix made u[ of calcium slats. provide flexibility, tons of blood vessels

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45
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

moves the body

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46
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

moves fluids and solids along digestive tract

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47
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

found in the heart

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48
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A

protect underlying tissues and organs & maintain body temperature

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49
Q

rickets

A

condition that results in flexible, poorly mineralized bones

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50
Q

layers of epidermis: straum basale

A

deepest layer of epidermis, attached by hemidesomsones

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51
Q

layers of epidermis: stratum spinosm

A

spiny layer

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52
Q

layers of epidermis: stratum granulosm

A

grainy layer, cells stop dividing and start producing keratin

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53
Q

layers of epidermis: stratum lucidium

A

clear layer, only in thick skin

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54
Q

layers of epidermis: stratum corneum

A

horn layer, exposed to surface to skin

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55
Q

dermis =

A

2 layers

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56
Q

papillary layer:

A

composed or areolar tissue. contains: smaller capillaries, lympathic vessels and sensory neurons. dermatitis

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57
Q

reticular layer

A

interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. larger blood vessels. all cells of connective tissue present

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58
Q

cyanosis

A

blue

lack of oxygen or blood flow

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59
Q

jaundice

A

yellow

build up of bile in the liver

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60
Q

pituitary tumor

A

darkening of skin

excess of MSH

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61
Q

Addisons disease

A

skin darkening

disease of pituatry gland

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62
Q

vitiligo

A

loss of color, loss of melanocytes

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63
Q

repair of skin process

A
  1. inflammatory; intial injury causes bleeding and mast cell activation
  2. migratory: blood clot (scab) forms. migrate down rapid cell divison and migration along wound edges o replace missing cells
  3. proliferation: fibroblast have formed collagen fibers and ground substance
  4. scarring: scab sheds, epidermis complete. fibroblast continue to make scar tissue
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64
Q

flat bones

A

thin w/ parallel surface

skull bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae

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65
Q

sutural bones

A

small, irregular bones

found btw flat bones of the skull

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66
Q

long bones

A

relatively long and thin

arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers and toes

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67
Q

irregular bones

A

have complex shapes

vertrebrae, bones of pelvis facial bones

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68
Q

seasomid bones

A

small and flat

develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet

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69
Q

short bones

A

small boxy/ thick

bones of wrist and ankles

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70
Q

epiphysis

A

wide part, ends of long bone, spongy bone, covered with articualar cartilage

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71
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft, heavy wall of compact bone, central space= medullary cavity

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72
Q

metaphysis

A

epiphysis and diaphysis meet

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73
Q

endochondral ossification

A

ossifes bone that orginate as hyaline cartilage

  • primary ossification center: begin spongy bone production. start to add to matrix, in center of diaphysis .
  • meduallry cavity: moving toward the epiphysis
  • secondary ossification center: capillaries and osteoblast migrate toward epiphysis
  • at puberty, closes off (epiphysiseal line)
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74
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

occurs in the deeper layer of dermis

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75
Q

osteogenic cells

A

divide to produce daughter cells that differinate into osteoblast

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76
Q

osteoblast

A

make and release proteins. produce new bone matrix in ossificatoin

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77
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

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78
Q

osteoclast

A

remove bone matrix

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79
Q

factors that increase blood calcium level

A
  • triggered when falls below 8.5 mg/dL
  • cells of the parathyroid hormone gland release parathyroid hormone into blood stream
  • bone cells: release calcium
  • kidneys: increase calcitriol, calcium conserved
  • intestines: calcium absorbed qucikly
80
Q

factors that decrease blood calcium level

A

-triggered when above 11 mg/dL

  • C cells in thyroid gland secret calcitonin
  • bone : calcitonin descrease osteoclast, calcium release slowed
  • intestinal: calcium abosrbed slowly
  • kidney: supresses calcium ion reabsorption, calcium excreted
81
Q

cervical

A

7, supports weight of head

82
Q

thoracic

A

12, each one slightly larger, able to bear increasing weight

83
Q

lumbar

A

5, thick body than the thoracic vertebrae

84
Q

liagment

A

bone to bone

support and strengthen joints

85
Q

tendon

A

muscle to bone

help support joint

86
Q

dynamic motions

A

linear movement (gliding), angular movement, circumduction, rotation

87
Q

angular motions

A

flexion, extenstion, hyperextenstion, lateral flexion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction

88
Q

rotation

A

pronation and supination

89
Q

special

A

oppostion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression

90
Q

annulus fiborus

A

tough outer ring of fibrocartilage

91
Q

nucleus pulpous

A

soft, elastic, gelatnious core

92
Q

skeletal muscle function

A

produce body movement, maintain posture, support, guard, maintain body temp, store

93
Q

sacromere

A 
A bands: dark, thick filaments 
- M line: center of A band
-H band: area around M line
-zone of overlap
I band: light, thin filaments
-Z lines: center of I bands @ 2 ends
-titin: strands of elastic protein
94
Q

f-actin

A

holf the active sites which will bind to myosin

95
Q

nebulin

A

holds the f-actin together

96
Q

tropomyosin

A

covers active sites

97
Q

troponin

A

globular protein that binds to tropomyosin, controlled by Ca2+

98
Q

initating a muscle contraction

A
  • Ca2+ bind to receptor on troponin
  • Tropoin will cause tropomypsin to move out of the way and expose active sites on f-actin so active site can bind with myosin head
99
Q

sliding fliament theory

A
  • skeletal muscle contracts, thin slide past thick.
  • H bands and I bands get smaller, the zones of overlap get larger, Z lines move closer together and width of A stays the same
100
Q

sacrolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle fibers, surrounds sacroplasm

101
Q

T-tubules

A

transmit the action potential through the cell, allowing entire muscle fiber to contract

102
Q

thin=

A

actin

103
Q

thick=

A

myosin

104
Q

SR

A

help transmit the action potential to the myofibril. terminal cisternae. 1 T-tubule, 2 terminal cisternae

105
Q

contraction cycle

A
  1. resting sacromere: mysoin heads all energized and cocked.
  2. contraction cycle begins: begins with arrival of calicum from SR to zone of overlap
  3. Active Site exposure: Ca binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin out of the way exposing active sites
  4. Cross-bridge formation: once active site exposed, energized myosin heads bind to them forming cross-bridges
  5. Myosin head pivoting: pivots toward M line, called power stroke. happens when ADP and P released
  6. Cross bridge detachment: new ATP attach to myosin head, releases from actin. active site avaliable to form another cross bridge
  7. Myosin reactivation: myosin head is reactivated when the ATP splits into ADP and P.
106
Q

Isotonic

A

tension: same
length: changes

107
Q

Isometric:

A

tension: changes
length: same

108
Q

Anaerobic:

A

no oxygen

glycolysis, 2 ATP produced

109
Q

Aerobic

A

oxygen required

Mitochondria, 38 ATP produced

110
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord.

process and coordinate sensory data, motor commands, and higher functions

111
Q

PNS

A

all nervous tissue outside CNS, deliver sensory info to the CNS and carry motor commands

112
Q

Afferent

A

carries sensory info from PNS to CNS

113
Q

Efferent

A

carries motor commands from CNS to PNS msucles and galnds

114
Q

Autonomic

A

parasympatheic and sympatheic

115
Q

All or none principle

A

given stimulus githr triggers a typical action potential or triggers none at all

116
Q

continous propgation

A

+30 mV

  1. action potential develops @ intial segment, depolarizes at 30 mV
  2. sodium ions entering @intial segment spread away from open voltage-gated chanels, a graded depolarization quickly, brings 2 threshold
  3. begins repolarization
  4. Na ions enter segment 2, graded depolarization quickly brings the membrane in seg 3 to threshold. only move foward not backward
117
Q

salvatory propagnation

A

much faster

118
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

superifical, myelinated and unmyelinated

119
Q

gray matter of spinal cord

A

deep, forms butterfly shape. unmyelinated. cerbrospinal fluid

120
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

shallow, longitudal groove on posterior surface

121
Q

anterior median fissure

A

deep groove on anterior surface

122
Q

spinal meninges functions

A

phyiscal stability and shock absorption

123
Q

spinal meninges dura matter:

A

outermost. tough. epidural space

124
Q

spinal meninges arachnoid matter

A

middle. subdural: btw arachnoid and dura. subarachnoid: btw arachnoid and pia. filled with CSF

125
Q

spinal meninges pia matter

A

intermost

126
Q

gray horns posterior

A

somatic and visceral

127
Q

gray horns lateral

A

visceral

128
Q

gray horns anterior

A

somatic

129
Q

gray commissures

A

contain axons that cross from side to side on spinal cord

130
Q

posterior white columns

A

btw posterior gray horn and median sulcus

131
Q

lateral white column

A

btw anterior and posterior

132
Q

anterior white column

A

btw anterior gray horns

133
Q

white commissure

A

interconnects anterior white columns, axons cross side to side

134
Q

ascending tracts

A

posterior columns, sensory information

135
Q

descending tracts

A

anterior, motor commands

136
Q

There are _____ spinal cord segments

A

31

137
Q

phenic nerve

A

provides entire nerve supply for diaphragm

138
Q

sciatic

A

largest/ longest nerve in body, sacral

139
Q

monosynaptic

A

one synapse, stretch reflex. patellar reflex. receptor is muscle spindle

140
Q

polysnpatic

A

multiple synapse. more complicated. interneurons will control more than 1 muscle group. withdraw reflex. flexot reflex

141
Q

cross extenstor

A

affect other side of body

142
Q

cerebrum

A

conscious thought, memory storage and processing sensory info

143
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

thalamus: relay and procesing centers for sensory info
hypothalamus: emotions, autonomic function and hormone function

144
Q

midbrain

A

process visual and audiotry info and control relexes

145
Q

pons

A

connects cerebellum to the brainstem

146
Q

medulla oblongata

A

relays sensory info to portions o brainstem and to the thalamus. heart rate, BP, digestion

147
Q

ventricles are filled with

A

CSF

148
Q

lateral ventricle

A

very large, interventricular foramen connects lateral to the 3rd

149
Q

3rd ventricle

A

diencephalon, cerebrual aqueduct (3rd to 4th)

150
Q

4th ventricle

A

extends into upper part and medulla oblongata, central canal

151
Q

craninal meninges dura matter

A

no epidural space

152
Q

craninal meninges arachnoid space

A

membrane: closest to dura matter
trabeculae: connects to pia matter

153
Q

craninal meninges pia matter

A

astrocyte process

154
Q

choroid plexus

A

secrete CSF into ventricles

155
Q

BBB

A

isolates CNS neural tissues from general circulaton. formed by tight junctions. astrocytes

156
Q

cerebellum contains what cells

A

purkinjie

157
Q

cerbral cortex

A

conscious thought, memory, sensory

158
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary movement, sensory, speech

159
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch, pressure, pain, vibration or temp

160
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

161
Q

temporal lobe

A

sound

162
Q

left hemisphere

A

math and reading

163
Q

right hemisphere

A

analyzes

164
Q

corpus callosum

A

allows communication and coordinate to left and right hemispheres

165
Q

cranial nerve 1

A

Olfactory, somatic

166
Q

cranial nerve 2

A

optic, somatic

167
Q

cranial nerve 3

A

oculomotor, motor

168
Q

cranial nerve 4

A

trochelar, motor

169
Q

cranial nerve 5

A

trigeminal, both

170
Q

craninl nerve 6

A

abducens, motor

171
Q

craninal nerve 7

A

facial, both

172
Q

cranial nerve 8

A

vestiobucholear, somatic

173
Q

cranial nerve 9

A

vagus, both

174
Q

cranial nerve 10

A

accessory, both

175
Q

cranial nerve 11

A

hyopglossal, motor

176
Q

bells palsy

A

cranial nerve disorder from inflammation to facial nerve

177
Q

nociceptors

A

pain

178
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temp. adapt quickly

179
Q

proprioceptors

A

monitor positions at joints and muscles

180
Q

baroceptors

A

monitor pressure

181
Q

tactile recpetors

A

touch, pressure, and vibration

182
Q

1st order neuron

A

enter spinal cord and syanpse on second order neuron within the posterior gray horns

183
Q

2nd order neurons

A

cross opposite side of spinal cord before ascending to thalamus

184
Q

3rd order neurons

A

synapse in primary somatic sensory cortex

185
Q

posterior column pathway

A

sesnations of high localized touch , pressure, vibrations

186
Q

spinocerebellar

A

propriocpetive info

187
Q

spinothalmic

A

conscious sensations of poorly localized

188
Q

corticospinal pathway

A

provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles

189
Q

sympathetic

  • pregangolnic synapse:
  • preganglionic fibers:
  • postganglionic:
  • location:
A
  • in ganglia near spinal cord
  • short
  • long
  • T1-L2
190
Q

parasympathetic

  • preganglionic synapse:
  • preganglionic fibers:
  • postganglionic:
  • location:
A
  • in gangila near target organs
  • long
  • short
  • craino-sacral
191
Q

collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS. innervate visceral effectors such as cardiac muscle muscle, smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue

A

ganglia

192
Q

oversees body functions

A

vagus

193
Q

alpha receptors

A

activates G proteins on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

194
Q

beta recpetors

A

located on plasma membrane of cells in many organs

195
Q

motor neurons that maintain a contnious level of spontanoeus activity

A

autonomic tone

196
Q

how does the body absorb calcium

A

absorbed through the lining of the small intestine into the bloodstream.

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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