Final Flashcards
1
Q
superior
A
above, toward head
2
Q
proximal
A
toward point of attachment
3
Q
medial
A
toward midline
4
Q
lateral
A
away from midline
5
Q
distal
A
away from point of attachment
6
Q
inferior
A
below, toward feet
7
Q
cranial
A
toward head
8
Q
posterior
A
back
9
Q
anterior
A
front
10
Q
caudal
A
toward tail
11
Q
thoracic cavity contains
A
heart and lungs. boundaries are established by chest wall and diaphragm
12
Q
abdominopelvic cavity contains
A
encloses the peritoneal cavity.
abdominal cavity: digestive glands and organs
pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, reproductive organs and last portion of digestive tract
13
Q
homeostasis
A
presence of of a stable internal environment
14
Q
initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the change in the orginal conditions
A
postitive feedback
15
Q
an effector activated by the control center opposes or negates the original stimulus, minimizes change
A
negative feedback
16
Q
dehydration synthesis
A
forms a complex molecule by removing a water molecule
17
Q
hydrolysis:
A
one of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken and the components of a water molecule are added to resulting fragment
18
Q
peroxisome
A
breakdown of organic compounds
19
Q
lysosomes
A
breakdown of organic compounds and damaged organelles
20
Q
microvilli
A
increase surface area to facilitate absorption
21
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
stores, alters, and packages synthesized products
22
Q
ER
A
synthesis of secretory products
smooth: synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
rough: modifies and packages proteins
23
Q
ribosomes
A
protein synthesizes
24
Q
mitochondria
A
produces 95% of ATP required by the cell
25
cytoskeleton
strengthens and supports the cell
26
Isotonic solution
does not cause an osmotic flow of water into to out of cell
27
hypotonic solution
causes osmotic water flow into the cell. swell and burst
28
hypertonic solution
in osmotic movement of water out of cell. cell shriveled and dehydrates
29
diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. high to low
osmosis
30
passively transported across plasma membrane. No ATP required
facilitated diffusion
31
provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane. not dependent on concentration gradient. 3 Na+ ions and 2 K- ions
active transport
32
materials move into or out of cell in vesicles
vesicular transport
33
importing extracellular substances through the formation of vesicles at the bell surface
endocytosis
34
produces vesicles containing a specific target molecule
receptor-mediated
35
formation of endoscopes filled with extracellular fluid
pinocytosis
36
cell eating
phagocytosis
37
vesicle formed inside the cell fuses with and becomes part of plasma membrane
exocytosis
38
epithelial tissue
provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions
39
hemidesosomes
attach deepest epithelial cells to basement membrane
40
tight junctions
between wo plasma membranes, intestinal tracts
41
gap junctions
allow for rapid communication. found in heart
42
demosomes
glue , provide firm attachment
43
cartilage
matrix is a firm gel of chondroitin sulfates and protein substances. shock absorption and protection. chondrocytes. no blood vessels
44
bone
small vol. of ground substance. matrix made u[ of calcium slats. provide flexibility, tons of blood vessels
45
skeletal muscle tissue
moves the body
46
smooth muscle tissue
moves fluids and solids along digestive tract
47
cardiac muscle tissue
found in the heart
48
functions of the integumentary system
protect underlying tissues and organs & maintain body temperature
49
rickets
condition that results in flexible, poorly mineralized bones
50
layers of epidermis: straum basale
deepest layer of epidermis, attached by hemidesomsones
51
layers of epidermis: stratum spinosm
spiny layer
52
layers of epidermis: stratum granulosm
grainy layer, cells stop dividing and start producing keratin
53
layers of epidermis: stratum lucidium
clear layer, only in thick skin
54
layers of epidermis: stratum corneum
horn layer, exposed to surface to skin
55
dermis =
2 layers
56
papillary layer:
composed or areolar tissue. contains: smaller capillaries, lympathic vessels and sensory neurons. dermatitis
57
reticular layer
interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. larger blood vessels. all cells of connective tissue present
58
cyanosis
blue
| lack of oxygen or blood flow
59
jaundice
yellow
| build up of bile in the liver
60
pituitary tumor
darkening of skin
| excess of MSH
61
Addisons disease
skin darkening
| disease of pituatry gland
62
vitiligo
loss of color, loss of melanocytes
63
repair of skin process
1. inflammatory; intial injury causes bleeding and mast cell activation
2. migratory: blood clot (scab) forms. migrate down rapid cell divison and migration along wound edges o replace missing cells
3. proliferation: fibroblast have formed collagen fibers and ground substance
4. scarring: scab sheds, epidermis complete. fibroblast continue to make scar tissue
64
flat bones
thin w/ parallel surface
| skull bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
65
sutural bones
small, irregular bones
| found btw flat bones of the skull
66
long bones
relatively long and thin
| arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers and toes
67
irregular bones
have complex shapes
| vertrebrae, bones of pelvis facial bones
68
seasomid bones
small and flat
| develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet
69
short bones
small boxy/ thick
| bones of wrist and ankles
70
epiphysis
wide part, ends of long bone, spongy bone, covered with articualar cartilage
71
diaphysis
the shaft, heavy wall of compact bone, central space= medullary cavity
72
metaphysis
epiphysis and diaphysis meet
73
endochondral ossification
ossifes bone that orginate as hyaline cartilage
- primary ossification center: begin spongy bone production. start to add to matrix, in center of diaphysis .
- meduallry cavity: moving toward the epiphysis
- secondary ossification center: capillaries and osteoblast migrate toward epiphysis
- at puberty, closes off (epiphysiseal line)
74
intramembranous ossification
occurs in the deeper layer of dermis
75
osteogenic cells
divide to produce daughter cells that differinate into osteoblast
76
osteoblast
make and release proteins. produce new bone matrix in ossificatoin
77
osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix
78
osteoclast
remove bone matrix
79
factors that increase blood calcium level
- triggered when falls below 8.5 mg/dL
- cells of the parathyroid hormone gland release parathyroid hormone into blood stream
- bone cells: release calcium
- kidneys: increase calcitriol, calcium conserved
- intestines: calcium absorbed qucikly
80
factors that decrease blood calcium level
-triggered when above 11 mg/dL
- C cells in thyroid gland secret calcitonin
- bone : calcitonin descrease osteoclast, calcium release slowed
- intestinal: calcium abosrbed slowly
- kidney: supresses calcium ion reabsorption, calcium excreted
81
cervical
7, supports weight of head
82
thoracic
12, each one slightly larger, able to bear increasing weight
83
lumbar
5, thick body than the thoracic vertebrae
84
liagment
bone to bone
| support and strengthen joints
85
tendon
muscle to bone
| help support joint
86
dynamic motions
linear movement (gliding), angular movement, circumduction, rotation
87
angular motions
flexion, extenstion, hyperextenstion, lateral flexion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction
88
rotation
pronation and supination
89
special
oppostion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression
90
annulus fiborus
tough outer ring of fibrocartilage
91
nucleus pulpous
soft, elastic, gelatnious core
92
skeletal muscle function
produce body movement, maintain posture, support, guard, maintain body temp, store
93
sacromere
```
A bands: dark, thick filaments
- M line: center of A band
-H band: area around M line
-zone of overlap
I band: light, thin filaments
-Z lines: center of I bands @ 2 ends
-titin: strands of elastic protein
```
94
f-actin
holf the active sites which will bind to myosin
95
nebulin
holds the f-actin together
96
tropomyosin
covers active sites
97
troponin
globular protein that binds to tropomyosin, controlled by Ca2+
98
initating a muscle contraction
- Ca2+ bind to receptor on troponin
- Tropoin will cause tropomypsin to move out of the way and expose active sites on f-actin so active site can bind with myosin head
99
sliding fliament theory
- skeletal muscle contracts, thin slide past thick.
- H bands and I bands get smaller, the zones of overlap get larger, Z lines move closer together and width of A stays the same
100
sacrolemma
plasma membrane of muscle fibers, surrounds sacroplasm
101
T-tubules
transmit the action potential through the cell, allowing entire muscle fiber to contract
102
thin=
actin
103
thick=
myosin
104
SR
help transmit the action potential to the myofibril. terminal cisternae. 1 T-tubule, 2 terminal cisternae
105
contraction cycle
1. resting sacromere: mysoin heads all energized and cocked.
2. contraction cycle begins: begins with arrival of calicum from SR to zone of overlap
3. Active Site exposure: Ca binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin out of the way exposing active sites
4. Cross-bridge formation: once active site exposed, energized myosin heads bind to them forming cross-bridges
5. Myosin head pivoting: pivots toward M line, called power stroke. happens when ADP and P released
6. Cross bridge detachment: new ATP attach to myosin head, releases from actin. active site avaliable to form another cross bridge
7. Myosin reactivation: myosin head is reactivated when the ATP splits into ADP and P.
106
Isotonic
tension: same
length: changes
107
Isometric:
tension: changes
length: same
108
Anaerobic:
no oxygen
| glycolysis, 2 ATP produced
109
Aerobic
oxygen required
| Mitochondria, 38 ATP produced
110
CNS
brain and spinal cord.
| process and coordinate sensory data, motor commands, and higher functions
111
PNS
all nervous tissue outside CNS, deliver sensory info to the CNS and carry motor commands
112
Afferent
carries sensory info from PNS to CNS
113
Efferent
carries motor commands from CNS to PNS msucles and galnds
114
Autonomic
parasympatheic and sympatheic
115
All or none principle
given stimulus githr triggers a typical action potential or triggers none at all
116
continous propgation
+30 mV
1. action potential develops @ intial segment, depolarizes at 30 mV
2. sodium ions entering @intial segment spread away from open voltage-gated chanels, a graded depolarization quickly, brings 2 threshold
3. begins repolarization
4. Na ions enter segment 2, graded depolarization quickly brings the membrane in seg 3 to threshold. only move foward not backward
117
salvatory propagnation
much faster
118
white matter of spinal cord
superifical, myelinated and unmyelinated
119
gray matter of spinal cord
deep, forms butterfly shape. unmyelinated. cerbrospinal fluid
120
posterior median sulcus
shallow, longitudal groove on posterior surface
121
anterior median fissure
deep groove on anterior surface
122
spinal meninges functions
phyiscal stability and shock absorption
123
spinal meninges dura matter:
outermost. tough. epidural space
124
spinal meninges arachnoid matter
middle. subdural: btw arachnoid and dura. subarachnoid: btw arachnoid and pia. filled with CSF
125
spinal meninges pia matter
intermost
126
gray horns posterior
somatic and visceral
127
gray horns lateral
visceral
128
gray horns anterior
somatic
129
gray commissures
contain axons that cross from side to side on spinal cord
130
posterior white columns
btw posterior gray horn and median sulcus
131
lateral white column
btw anterior and posterior
132
anterior white column
btw anterior gray horns
133
white commissure
interconnects anterior white columns, axons cross side to side
134
ascending tracts
posterior columns, sensory information
135
descending tracts
anterior, motor commands
136
There are _____ spinal cord segments
31
137
phenic nerve
provides entire nerve supply for diaphragm
138
sciatic
largest/ longest nerve in body, sacral
139
monosynaptic
one synapse, stretch reflex. patellar reflex. receptor is muscle spindle
140
polysnpatic
multiple synapse. more complicated. interneurons will control more than 1 muscle group. withdraw reflex. flexot reflex
141
cross extenstor
affect other side of body
142
cerebrum
conscious thought, memory storage and processing sensory info
143
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus: relay and procesing centers for sensory info
hypothalamus: emotions, autonomic function and hormone function
144
midbrain
process visual and audiotry info and control relexes
145
pons
connects cerebellum to the brainstem
146
medulla oblongata
relays sensory info to portions o brainstem and to the thalamus. heart rate, BP, digestion
147
ventricles are filled with
CSF
148
lateral ventricle
very large, interventricular foramen connects lateral to the 3rd
149
3rd ventricle
diencephalon, cerebrual aqueduct (3rd to 4th)
150
4th ventricle
extends into upper part and medulla oblongata, central canal
151
craninal meninges dura matter
no epidural space
152
craninal meninges arachnoid space
membrane: closest to dura matter
trabeculae: connects to pia matter
153
craninal meninges pia matter
astrocyte process
154
choroid plexus
secrete CSF into ventricles
155
BBB
isolates CNS neural tissues from general circulaton. formed by tight junctions. astrocytes
156
cerebellum contains what cells
purkinjie
157
cerbral cortex
conscious thought, memory, sensory
158
frontal lobe
voluntary movement, sensory, speech
159
parietal lobe
touch, pressure, pain, vibration or temp
160
occipital lobe
vision
161
temporal lobe
sound
162
left hemisphere
math and reading
163
right hemisphere
analyzes
164
corpus callosum
allows communication and coordinate to left and right hemispheres
165
cranial nerve 1
Olfactory, somatic
166
cranial nerve 2
optic, somatic
167
cranial nerve 3
oculomotor, motor
168
cranial nerve 4
trochelar, motor
169
cranial nerve 5
trigeminal, both
170
craninl nerve 6
abducens, motor
171
craninal nerve 7
facial, both
172
cranial nerve 8
vestiobucholear, somatic
173
cranial nerve 9
vagus, both
174
cranial nerve 10
accessory, both
175
cranial nerve 11
hyopglossal, motor
176
bells palsy
cranial nerve disorder from inflammation to facial nerve
177
nociceptors
pain
178
thermoreceptors
temp. adapt quickly
179
proprioceptors
monitor positions at joints and muscles
180
baroceptors
monitor pressure
181
tactile recpetors
touch, pressure, and vibration
182
1st order neuron
enter spinal cord and syanpse on second order neuron within the posterior gray horns
183
2nd order neurons
cross opposite side of spinal cord before ascending to thalamus
184
3rd order neurons
synapse in primary somatic sensory cortex
185
posterior column pathway
sesnations of high localized touch , pressure, vibrations
186
spinocerebellar
propriocpetive info
187
spinothalmic
conscious sensations of poorly localized
188
corticospinal pathway
provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles
189
sympathetic
- pregangolnic synapse:
- preganglionic fibers:
- postganglionic:
- location:
- in ganglia near spinal cord
- short
- long
- T1-L2
190
parasympathetic
- preganglionic synapse:
- preganglionic fibers:
- postganglionic:
- location:
- in gangila near target organs
- long
- short
- craino-sacral
191
collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS. innervate visceral effectors such as cardiac muscle muscle, smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue
ganglia
192
oversees body functions
vagus
193
alpha receptors
activates G proteins on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
194
beta recpetors
located on plasma membrane of cells in many organs
195
motor neurons that maintain a contnious level of spontanoeus activity
autonomic tone
196
how does the body absorb calcium
absorbed through the lining of the small intestine into the bloodstream.
