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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are the

A

basic building blocks of life

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2
Q

all new cells come from…

A

preexisting cells

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3
Q

cells are the ______ living unit that carry out all vital physiology function

A

smallest

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4
Q

What separates the inside of the cell from the outside

?

A

plasma membrane

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5
Q

cytosol=

A

intracellular fluid

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6
Q

what are the two components of the cytoplasm?

A
  1. cytosol and 2. organelles
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7
Q

what makes up the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails

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8
Q

hydrophilic heads

A

lie at the surface, absorb water

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9
Q

hydrophobic tails

A

on the inside, don’t like water

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10
Q

what is the plasma membrane composed of ?

A

phospholipid bilayer, proteins

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11
Q

the plasma membrane is a ______ permeable barrier

A

semi

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12
Q

List fo membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins
Transmembrane
Peripheral
Glycocalyx

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13
Q

phospholipids interested with ________

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

non membranous organelles

A

not completely enclosed

direct contact w/ cytosol

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15
Q

membranous organelles

A

indirect contact

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16
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides internal protein framework, give cytoplasm strength

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17
Q

cytoskeleton is composed of…

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, centrioles, cilia

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18
Q

microfilaments do what?

A

increase surface area

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19
Q

microtubules

A

strengthen cell and anchor organelles, change cell shape and move things inside cell. ( monorail at Disney)

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20
Q

centrioles w/o centrioles can’t _______

A

divide

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21
Q

function of cilia?

A

movement across cell surface

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22
Q

Ribsosomes are responsible for

A

protein synthesis

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23
Q

Two kinds of Ribosomes

A

free and fixed

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24
Q

fixed ribosomes are attached to

A

rough ER

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25
Q

Endopplasmic Reticulm function

A

synthesis and stores proteins, lipids, and carbs

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26
Q

Rough ER is where _____ is made

A

protein

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27
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

store, alter, and package synthesized products. acts like the post office

28
Q

products of the Golgi apparatus

A
  1. membrane renewal vesicles
  2. secretory vesicles
  3. lyosomes
29
Q

function of lysosomes

A

break down organism compounds

30
Q

what do peroxisomes do?

A

break down organic compounds

31
Q

what is membrane flow?

A

it is the continuous movement and exchange of materials

32
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

produce ATP for cell

33
Q

Steps of ATP production

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. in mitochondrial matrix
  3. forms H20
  4. atp leaves
34
Q

The nucleus direct ______ ________ to environmental changes

A

cellular responses

35
Q

what are the contents of the nucleus

A

dna, nuceloplasm, nucleoi

36
Q

DNA in the nucleus signals?

A

signals cells what proteins to make

37
Q

DNA pairs

A

A&T

C&G

38
Q

1st step in protein

A

Gene Activation

- removal of histones and DNA uncoiling

39
Q

2nd step in protein synthesis

A

DNA strands separate

40
Q

3rd step in protein synthesis

A

Transcription

  • copies instructions in nucleus from DNA to mRNA
  • series of 3 RNA nucleotides called codon
41
Q

4th step in protein synthesis

A

mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores

42
Q

5th step in protein synthesis

A

translation

- at ribosome, translate message

43
Q

6th step in protein synthesis

A

tRNA carries specific amino acid

44
Q

7th step in protein synthesis

A

rRNA of the ribosome strings amino acid together

45
Q

protein synthesis begins when

A

a gene on DNA produces messenger RNA

46
Q

Characteristic of materials that can pass through the plasma membrane

A

size, molecular shape, lipid solubility, electrical charge

47
Q

Characteristics of cell membrane

A

what lipids and proteins present

how components are arranged

48
Q

active transport

A

require ATP
vesicular transport
3 sodiums out, 2 potassium in

49
Q

passive transport

A

doesn’t require ATP
diffusion
carrier mediated transport

50
Q

diffusion is a _______ movement riven by concentration difference

A

passive

51
Q

move from ________ concentration to ________ concentration

A

high, low

52
Q

simple diffusion

A

moves right through across lipid portion of membrane

53
Q

Chanel- mediated diffusion

A

movement through membrane channel

-water, small water-soluble molecules, ions

54
Q

Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is _________

A

osmosis

55
Q

movement of water driven by osmosis

A

osmotic flow

56
Q

solution doesn’t cause osmotic flow across membrane

A

isotonic solution

57
Q

causes osmotic flow into the cell, less concentrated, swell and burst (hemolysis)

A

hypotonic solution

58
Q

osmotic flow out of cell, shriveling and dehydrated

A

hypertonic solution

59
Q

_______ is isotonic with blood

A

Saline

60
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

requires no ATP

limited

61
Q

what 2 things make up the life cycle of a cell?

A

interphase and cell division

62
Q

2 daughter cells produced , each w/ 46 chromosomes, form of cellular respiration

A

mitosis

63
Q

cell prepares for cell division

A

interphase

64
Q

M phases includes

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

65
Q

mitosis goes through the following…

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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