Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
The integument system is made of 2 parts:
A
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures
2
Q
What is in the cutaneous membrane?
A
epidermis and dermis
3
Q
composed of stratified squamous epithelium
A
epidermis
4
Q
Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue), reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)
A
dermis
5
Q
originate in the dermis, extend through the epidermis to the surface
A
accessory structures
6
Q
where do accessory structures originate
A
dermis
7
Q
examples of accessory structures
A
nails, hair, exocrine glands
8
Q
network of blood vessels
A
cutaneous plexus
9
Q
separates integument from deep fascia, not part of integument
A
subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
10
Q
what are the functions of the skin?
A
- protection of underlying tissues and organs
- excretion of salts, water, and organic waste
- maintenance of body temperature
- production of melanin
- synthesis of vitamin d3
- production of keratin
- storage of lipids in dermis and subcutaneous layer
- detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
11
Q
What is the primary cell type of the epidermis?
A
keratinocyte
12
Q
Entire epidermis lacks what?
A
blood vessels. cells get oxygen from capillaries in the dermis
13
Q
How many days does it take for a cell to move from the deepest statrum to most superficial layer?
A
7-10 days
14
Q
The deepest layers of epidermis, adjacent to dermal papillae, function is to increase surface area for better attachment
A
epidermal ridges
15
Q
Thin skin has __ layers
A
4
16
Q
Thick skin has __ layers.
A
5
17
Q
Thick skin covers what parts of the body?
A
palms of hands and soles of feet
18
Q
deepest layer of strata. attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes. forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis. most cells are basal cells- stem cells that divide to replace more superficial cells
A
stratum basale (5 layer)
19
Q
The spiny layer of stratum. produced by division of stratum basal. 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by demsomsomes. Cells shrink until cytoskeleton stick out (spiny). continue to divide, increasing the thickness of epithelium
A
stratum spinosum (4th layer)
20
Q
The grainy layer of stratum. cells stop dividing and start producing keratin and keratohylain
A
stratum granulosm (3rd layer)
21
Q
The “clear” layer”. found only in thick skin
A
stratum lucidum (2nd)
22
Q
The horn layer of stratum. exposed surface of skin. 15-30 kertainzed cells. Water resistant
A
stratum corneum (1st)
23
Q
The formation of layer of dead, protective cells filled with kerati. occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
A
keratinization
24
Q
How long before cells are shed or washed away
A
2 weeks
25
Skin color is influenced by
presence of pigments, blood circulation, thickness and degree of kertinazation in epidermis, exposure to UV radiation
26
Color: brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment.
Produced by: melanocytes in stratum basale
Stored in: melanocytes
Transfered to: keratinocytes
Malanin
27
Color: orange- yellow pigment
Found in: orange vegetables
Accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis
Can converted to Vitamin A
Carotene
28
Type of skin cancer that stays in the epidermis. Most common form of skin cancer . Orginates in stratum basale due to mutations caused by overexposure to UV radiation.
Basal cell carcinoma
29
Type of skin cancer where melanocytes are more intricately connected to the connective tissue so that is why it often spreads and is more fatal. Extremely dangerous, grow rapidly and metastatasize through lymphatic system
Melanoma
30
How to detect skin cancer?
```
A- asymmetry
B- border
C- color
D- diameter
E- evolving
```
31
what are the functions of melanocytes?
protect skin from skin damage
32
skin color depends on melanin _________, not on the number of melanocytes
production
33
_________ is red pigment found in red blood cells
hemoglobin
34
blood vessels dilated from heat =
skin reddens
35
blood flow decreases =
skin pales
36
Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation, bluish skin tint
cyanosis
37
buildup of bile produces by liver, yellow
jaundice
38
excess MSH, darkening of skin occurs, deep bronze
pituitary tumor
39
a disease of the pituitary gland, skin darkening
Addisons disease
40
loss of melanocytes, loss of color
vitiligo
41
2 components of the dermis
the papillary layer and the reticular layer
42
named for dermal papillae in this region. composed of : areolar tissue. contains smaller capillaries, lympatheic vessels, and sensory neurons
Papillary layer
43
inflammation of the papillary layer
dermatitis
44
dermatitis is caused by
infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals
45
dermatitis is characterized by
itch or pain
46
tissue type: interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. Contains larger blood vessels, sympathetic vessels, and nerve fibers. Fibers: collagen and elastic.
All cells of connective tissue proper are present
Reticular layer
47
very strong, resist stretching but bend easily. limit the flexibility of elastic fibers to prevent tissue damage.
collagen fibers
48
permit stretching and then recoil to original length. provide flexibility
elastic fibers
49
what test helps show what is a sign of dehydration
skin turgor test
50
sagging and wrinkles are caused by
dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure
51
thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin due to pregnancy or weight gain
stretch marks
52
Separates skin from deeper structures, dominated by adipose tissue, important energy storage site. few capillaries, NO vital organs, superficial regions contains large arteries. Site for subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles
Hypodermis
53
sensitive to touch and pressure
free nerve endings
54
free nerve ending are located in
the epidermis
55
detect texture and steady pressure
tactile discs
56
tactile disc are located in the
epidermis
57
detect light touch, pressure and vibration
Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles
58
Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles are located where
in the dermis
59
detect deep pressure and vibration
lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
60
where are lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles located?
in the dermis
61
sensitive to pressure and stretching the skin
Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles
62
Bulbous (ruffini) corpuscles are located where?
the dermis
63
Burns are significant injuries: they damage ____ ______
skin integrity
64
Burns compromise many essential functions such as dehydration and electrolyte imbalance which can lead to
kidney impairment and circulatory shock
65
Burn severity depends on depth of penetration and _______ _____ ________
total area affected
66
What kind of burn is only the surface of the epidermis affected, most sunburns, skin redness results from inflammation
First Degree/Partial- Thickness Burn
67
What kind of burn is is the entire epidermis and maybe some of dermis damaged, accessory structures not affected. Blistering, pain, swelling occur. Infection can develop from blisters
2nd degree/ Partial- Thickness Burn
68
What kind of burn destroys epidermis, dermis and damage extends into hypodermis. Less painful than 2nd degree burn. Cannot regenerate themselves. Skin grafting usually done.
3rd degree burn/Full- Thickness burns
69
Fresh skin usually from the same person. Usually inside of thigh. Place where the burn is so new cells can fill the gaps
Skin Graft
70
Burns threaten __________ functions of the skin
homeostatic
71
What is the emergency treatment for burns?
Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes. Providing sufficient nutrients. Preventing infection. Assisting tissue repair with skin grafts
72
Function of hair:
1. Protection and insulation of the skull from UV radiation
2. Guards openings against particles and insects
3. Sensitive to light touch. Sensory nerves at the the base of each hair follicle
73
The arrestor pili muscle causes what
goosebumps (involuntary)
74
Sebaceous glands are associated with what?
hair follicle
75
Sebaceous glands control what?
bacteria
76
Type of gland: oil
Secretes: sebum-
- contains lipids
- lubricates and protects the epidermis
- inhibits bacteria
- conditions the surrounding skin
Can be associated directly with a hair follicle
Sebaceous glands
77
Seborrheic dermatitis is a common cause of what
dandruff
78
sweat glands produce
watery secretions
79
What are the two kinds of sweat glands?
apocrine and merocrine (eccrine)
80
Sweat gland:
axillae, around nipple, and pubic region.
sticky, cloudy, doors secretion.
cause ODOR
Apocrine
81
Sweat gland:
directly onto the surface of the skin.
watery secretions with electrolytes.
important in thermoregulation and excretion. Highest number found in palms
Merocrine (eccrine)
82
Glands that produce milk
mammary glands
83
glands that make earwax
Ceruminous glands
84
controls sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands . Works simultaneously over entire body at the same time
Autonomic Nervous System
85
Controlled independently. Sweating occurs locally. Ex: Only palms may sweat when nervous
Merocrine Sweat Glands
86
The main function of sensible perspiration. Works with cardiovascular system. Regulates body temperature
Thermoregulation
87
Composed of dead cells packed with keratin
Nails
88
Powerful peptide growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor
89
Another name for Vitamin D3
cholecalciferol
90
Epidermal cells produce
cholecalciferol
91
Liver and Kidneys then convert Vitamin D3 into
calcitriol
92
Calcitriols job is to
allow calcium and phosphate absorption in small intestine
93
Insufficent vitmanin d3 can cause _______ in children and decreased bone density in the elderly
rickets
94
What are the 4 steps in repairing the integument following an injury?
1. inflammatory phase
2. Migrartory phase
3. Proliferation phase
4. Scarring phase
95
What phase of injury repair happens after the initial injury that can cause bleeding. Mast cells are activated. They stimulate inflammation, produces swelling, redness, heat, and pain
Inflammatory phase
96
What phase of injury repair is the part that migrate down, rapid cell division and migration along wound edgiest replace missing cells
Migratory phase
97
What phase of injury repair is the scab undermined by migrating epidermal cells. Phagocytic activity almost complete. Blood clot disintegrating. Fibroblast have formed collagen fibers and ground substance
Proliferation phase
98
What phase of injury repair has the scab shed, epidermis is complete. Shallow depression marks injury site. Finroblast continue to create scar tissue
Scarring phase
99
Effects of aging on the integumentary system?
fewer melanocytes, drier epidermis, thinning epidermis, diminished immune response, thinning dermis, decreased perspiration, reduced blood supply, slower skin repair, fewer active follicles, and altered hair and fat distribution
