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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

consists of: brain and spinal cord
function: process and coordinate sensory data from inside and outside the body, motor commands to control skeletal muscles, higher functions of the brain

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

includes: all nervous tissue outside CNS, excluding ENS
functions: deliver sensory information to the CNS and carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

A

peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

detect changes or respond to stimuli. Neurons and specialized cells. Complex sensory organs

A

receptor

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4
Q

repsond to efferent signals. cells and organs

A

effectors

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5
Q

Afferent division:

carries _______ info from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

A

sensory

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6
Q

Efferent division:

carries _______ commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

A

motor

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7
Q

Controls voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) skeletal muscles contractions

A

somatic nervous system

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8
Q

Controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth muscle and glandular secretions; has 2 more divisions

A

autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

What are the two other divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. sympathetic nervous system

2. parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

stimulating effect: “fight or flight”

A

sympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

relaxing effect: “rest or digest”

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

detect changes in internal or external environment

A

receptors

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13
Q

information is sent to the CNS by sensory division of the PNS. Affront

A

Sensory division of the PNS

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14
Q

Information is processed occurs in the

A

CNS

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15
Q

motor commands are carried by the motor division of the PNS. efferent

A

Motor division of the PNS

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16
Q

respond to those commands and change their activities

A

effectors

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17
Q

the basic functional units of the nervous system

A

neurons

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18
Q

the most common type of neuron in the CNS

A

multipolar neuron

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19
Q

receive stimuli from environment/other neurons. Highly branched. CNS neurons receive most information here. Receive info from other neurons

A

dendrites

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20
Q

The cell body contains the

A

nucleus and nucleolus

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21
Q

The cytoplasm of a neuron is given the name:

A

perikaryon

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22
Q

Mitochondrias are present to produce ________

A

energy

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23
Q

RER and ribosomes produce proteins known as

A

neurotransmitter

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24
Q

dense areas of RER and ribosomes. Male neural tissue appear gray

A

Nissl bodies

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25
Q

carries information toward other cells

A

Axon

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26
Q

Axon carries the electrical signal to ________

A

target

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27
Q

cytoplasm of axon. Contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, enzymes, organelles

A

axoplasm

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28
Q

specialized cell membrane. covers the axoplasm

A

axolemma

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29
Q

orgin of axon from cell body

A

axon hillock

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30
Q

where action potential is intimated

A

initial segment

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31
Q

fire extensions, end at axon terminals

A

telodendria

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32
Q

communicate with other cells

A

axon terminals

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33
Q

area where neuron communicates with another cell

A

synapse

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34
Q

neuron that sends message

A

presynaptic cell

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35
Q

cell that receives that message

A

postsynaptic cell

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36
Q

small gap that separates presynaptic cell and postsynaptic membrane

A

the synaptic cleft

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37
Q

is expanded are on axon of presynaptic neuron. Contains synaptic vessels of neurotransmitters

A

the synaptic terminal

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38
Q

the synaptic terminal contains synaptic vesiscles of ____________

A

neurotransmitters

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39
Q

Neurotransmitters are ________ _________.

A

chemical messengers

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40
Q

Neurotransmitters are released at the

A

presynaptic membrane

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41
Q

Neurotransmitters are affect receptors of

A

postsynaptic membrane

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42
Q

Neurotransmitters are broken down by

A

enzymes

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43
Q

synapse between neuron and muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

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44
Q

synapse between neurons and gland

A

neuroglandular junction

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45
Q

allow a single neuron to communicate with more than one other cell

A

collateral branches

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46
Q

Most CNS neurons lack _________

A

centrioles

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47
Q

If lost to injury or disease, they are ________ replaced by cell division

A

seldom

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48
Q

Some neural stem cells exist, but most are inactive except

A

olfactory epithelium, retina of the eye, and hippocampus

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49
Q

located in brain and special sense organs. Small. All cell processes look alike. Functions are poorly understood

A

anaxonic

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50
Q

two distinct process. 1) Dendritic process that branches 2) Axon, rare, but occur in a special sense organ. small

A

bipolar

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51
Q

found in sensory neurons of PNS. Very long axon. Axon may extend a meter or more-longest carry sensations from toes to spinal cord . Dendrites and axons continous (fused) cell body off to one side

A

unipolar

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52
Q

Most common neurons in CNS. Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons. Very long axons. Can be as long as unipolar neurons-longest carry motor signals from spinal cord to muscles that move toes. Multiple dendrites, one axon

A

Multipolar

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53
Q

Afferent neurons of PNS

A

sensory neurons

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54
Q

Sensory neurons cell bodies are grouped in

A

sensory ganglia

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55
Q

Sensory neurons are ________ .

A

unipolar

56
Q

Sensory neurons monitor the _________ environment

A

internal

57
Q

3 types of sensory receptors:

A
  1. Interoceptors
  2. Proprioceptors
  3. Exteroceptors
58
Q

Type of sensory receptor:

monitor internal systems such as detect dissension (stretch), deep pressure, pain

A

Interoceptors

59
Q

Type of sensory receptor:

monitor position and movement

A

proprioceptors

60
Q

Type of sensory receptor:

Monitor external senses such as touch, temperature, pressure, input or special senses

A

exteroceptors

61
Q

efferent neurons of PNS

A

motor neurons

62
Q

Motor neurons carry instructions from CNS to peripheral _________ via _________ fibers (axons).

A

effectors, efferent

63
Q

2 major efferent systems:

A
  1. Somatic nervous system

2. Autonomic nervous system

64
Q

Type of efferent system:
includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles. Cell body lies in CNS; axon extends within a peripheral nerve

A

Somatic nervous system

65
Q

Type of efferent system:

includes all other peripheral effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue)

A

autonomic nervous system

66
Q

association neurons

A

interneurons

67
Q

Interneurons:

Most are located in brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia in between ________ and motor neurons

A

sensory

68
Q

Interneurons:

Responsible for distributing sensory information and coordinating _______ activity

A

motor

69
Q

interneurons are involved in _______ functions such as memory, planning, and learning

A

higher

70
Q

Neuroglia are found in the ______ and ______.

A

CNS and PNS

71
Q

4 types of Central Nervous System Neuroglia

A
  1. Ependymal cells
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia
72
Q

What type of CNS neuroglia:

form epithelium called ependyma. Lines central canal (spinal cord) and ventricles (brain). Secrete cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

73
Q

What type of CNS neuroglia:

maintain the blood-brain barrier (isolates CNS from chemicals/hormones in the blood)

A

astrocytes

74
Q

What type of CNS neuroglia:

Myelinaiation of CNS. Increases speed of action potentials. Myelin insulates myelinated axon. Makes nerds appear white.

A

Oligodendrocytes

75
Q

What type of CNS neuroglia:
smallest and least humerus neuroglia. migrate through neural tissue. Devlopmentally related to monocytes and macrophages. Mobile phagocytic cells that remove cellular debris

A

Microglia

76
Q

Myelination increases speed of _______ _________.

A

action potentials

77
Q

Myelination makes nerves appear ?

A

white

78
Q

myelin-wrapped areas of axon

A

internodes

79
Q

nodes= _____ between internodes where axons may branch

A

gaps

80
Q

a “gang of neuron cell bodies surrounded by neuroglia in the PNS

A

ganglia

81
Q

2 types of PNS neuroglia:

A
  1. satellite cells

2. Schwann cells

82
Q

type of PNS neuroglia:

surround ganglia. regulate environment around neurons, similar to astrocyte role in CNS

A

Satellite cells

83
Q

Neurons perform all ________ information processing, and control functions of the nervous system

A

communication

84
Q

Neuroglia are essential to _______ and ______ of neurons

A

survival and function

85
Q

axon and myelin degenerate distal to the injury (PNS)

A

Wallerian degeneration

86
Q

Schwann cells proliferate along the original _______ path

A

axon

87
Q

The axon grows along path created by

A

Schwann cells

88
Q

Schwann cells wrap around the elongating _____

A

axon

89
Q

If normal synaptic contacts are reestablished:

A

normal function may return

90
Q

If axon stops growing or grows in wrong direction :

A

normal function will be different

91
Q

Nerve regeneration is limited in the CNS because many more _____ are involved

A

axons

92
Q

Astrocytes produce ____ ________ that can block axon growth in damaged area

A

scar tissue

93
Q

Astrocytes release ________ that block axon regrowth

A

chemicals

94
Q

the cause of many neurological disorders

A

Demyelination

95
Q

Characterized by recurrent incidents of demyelination. Affects axons in optic nerve, brain and spinal cord. Common signs and symptoms: partial loss of vision, problems with speech and balance, cases are progressive

A

Multiple Sclerosis

96
Q

Demyelination of peripheral nerves. Usually triggered by a virus. Signs/Symptoms: weakness or tingling of legs, increases in severity and leads to paralysis . Most patients fully recover, but some continue to have residual weakness

A

Guillain- Barre syndrome

97
Q

All plasma (cell) e=membrane produce electrical signals by ion movements. Membrane potential is particularly important to neurons

A

Membrane potentials

98
Q

4 Main Membrane Processes in Neural Activities:

A
  1. Resting Potential
  2. Graded Potential
  3. Action Potential
  4. Synaptic activity
99
Q

membrane processes:

membrane potential of an undistributed cell; starting point

A

resting potential

100
Q

Value of resting membrane potential:

A

-70 mV

101
Q

Resting potential: inside is slightly ______ compared to outside

A

negative

102
Q

Membrane process:
temporary, localized change in resting potential.
produced by: typical stimulus

A

Graded potential

103
Q

Membrane Process:

electrical impulse. produced by a graded potential that large enough. Propagates along surface of axon to the synapse

A

Action potential

104
Q

Synaptic activity: releases __________ at presynaptic membrane

A

neurotransmitter

105
Q

Synaptic activity: produces graded potentials in ___________ membrane

A

post synaptic

106
Q

Synaptic activity:

Information processing is the response (integration of stimuli) of the ________ cell.

A

postsynaptic

107
Q

Extracellular environments contain high concentrations of:

A 
sodium ions (Na+)
chloride ions (Cl-)
108
Q

Cell membranes are ________ __________.

A

selectively permeable

109
Q

Membrane permeability varies by _____

A

ion

110
Q

Resting membrane potential is

A

-70 mV

111
Q

Leak channels are always _____

A

open

112
Q

concentration gradient =

A

chemical gradient

113
Q

postitive and negative charges are ________ to each other

A

attracted

114
Q

like charges are ________

A

repulsed

115
Q

the sum of chemical and electrical forces that act on the plasma membrane

A

the electrochemical gradient

116
Q

The point where there would be no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane

A

equilibrium potential

117
Q

K+=

A

-90mV

118
Q

Na+=

A

+66mV

119
Q

3 Classes of Gated Channels

A
  1. Chemically gated channels
  2. Voltage-gated channels
  3. Mechinally gated channels
120
Q

Name the gated channel:

open in the presence of specific chemicals at a binding site. Found on neuron cell body and dendrites

A

Chemically gated channels

121
Q

Name the gated channel:
Respond to charges in membrane potential. Have activation gates (open) and inactivation gates (close). An excitable membrane is a membrane capable of generating and conducting an action potential. Found in neural axons, skeletal muscle sarcolemma, cardiac muscle

A

Voltage-gated channels

122
Q

Name the gated channel:

Respond to physical distortion of membrane surface. Found in sensory receptors such as touch, pressure, vibration

A

Mechanically gated channels

123
Q

local potentials =

A

graded potentials

124
Q

A change in membrane potential that cannot spread far from site of stimulation. Any stimulus that opens a gated channel produces a graded potential

A

graded potentials

125
Q

Depolarization to threshold:

threshold amount:

A

-60mV to -55mV

126
Q

4 Steps in the generation of an Action Potential

A
  1. Depolarization to threshold
  2. Activation of Na+ channels
  3. Inactivation of Na+ channels and activation of K+ channels
  4. Return to normal permeability
127
Q

What step in generation of Action Potential?

Rapid depolarization. Na+ ions rush into cytoplasm

A

Activation of Na+ channels;s

128
Q

What step in generation of Action Potential?

This happens at 30 mV . Inactivation gates close. K+ channels open. repolarization begins

A

Inactivation of Na+ channels and activation of K+ channels

129
Q

What step in generation of Action potential?
K+ channels begin to close when the membrane reaches -70 mV. K+ closes but hyperpolarized at -90mV but returns to normal.

A

Return to normal permeability

130
Q

During the refractory period, the membrane will _____ response normally to additional stimuli

A

not

131
Q

Time during which the membrane cannot respond to any further stimulation. Na+ channels are open or inactivated

A

Absolute refractory period

132
Q

Time during which the membrane can respond, but has to have a really strong stimulus

A

Relative refractory period

133
Q

moves the action potentials along the length of the axon

A

Propagation of action potentials

134
Q

action potential appears to move step by step through the entire axon. occurs in unmyelinated axons. Slower

A

continuous propagation

135
Q

occurs in myelinated axons; depolarizes are the nodes. skips internodes. faster

A

Saltatory propagation

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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