Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards
1
Q
collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited functions
A
tissue
2
Q
Four types of tissues
A
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
3
Q
Epithelial tissue includes
A
epithelia and glands
4
Q
structure: cells all lined next to each other, make a lining or covering, avascular layers of cells.
function: covers exposed surfaces lines internal cavities and passageways.
example: skin
A
epithelia
5
Q
derived from epithelia, predominately secretory cells
A
glands
6
Q
What are the two types of glands?
A
endocrine and exocrine
7
Q
secrete onto external surfaces and into ducts
A
exocrine glands
8
Q
secrete hormones into interstitial fluid, hormones then distributed into bloodstream
A
endocrine glands
9
Q
what are the functions of epithelial tissue?
A
provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions.
10
Q
characteristics of epithelial tissue
A
cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, regeneration
11
Q
if lining of tube, apical surface is exposed to space inside the tube called the
A
lumen
12
Q
2 classifications of epithelia
A
shape and layers
13
Q
squamous
A
thin and flat
14
Q
cuboidal
A
cube shaped, like little boxes
15
Q
columnar
A
taller than they are wide, slender rectangles
16
Q
one layer
A
simple
17
Q
multiple layer, found in areas that need more protections
A
stratified
18
Q
attach deepest epithelial cells to basement membranes
A
intercellular connections
19
Q
between two plasma membranes, prevent passage of H20 and solutes between cells
A
tight junctions
20
Q
allow rapid communication, found in heart and places with lots of cilia ( adjoining door)
A
gap junctions
21
Q
provide firm attachment by interlacing adjacent ells’ cytoskeleton, opposing plasma membranes locked together by cell adhesion molecules (glue)
A
desmosomes
22
Q
absorption, diffusion, and reduction of friction
located in alveoli of lungs and capillary wall
A
simple squamous epithelium
23
Q
protection
located on surface of skin, mouth and throat
A
stratified squamous epithelium
24
Q
secretion and absorption and lines the exocrine glands
A
simple cuboidal epithelium
25
line the sweat ducts and mammary ducts
stratified cuboidal epithelium
26
changes shape, stretch, and recoil w/o damage
| found ONLY in urinary tracts
transitional epithelium
27
absorption and movement, line stomach, intestine and gallbladder, uterine tubes, kidney ducts
simple columnar epithelium
28
tissue type in respiratory tract
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
29
protection
| located in salivary gland ducts
stratified columnar epithelium
30
release hormone into interstitial fluid, NO DUCTS
endocrine glands
31
produce secretions only epithelial surfaced through DUCTS
exocrine glands
32
example of exocrine glands
sweat, tears, milk from mammary glands
33
produced in: Golgi apparatus
released by: vesicles (exocytosis)
example: salivary gland secretion
merocrine
34
produced by: Golgi apparatus
released by: cytoplasm
example: mammary glands
apocrine
35
produced by: cells bursting, killing gland cells
released by: stem cell division
example: sebaceous gland (oil)
holocrine
36
functions of connective tissue
1. establish structural framework for the body
2. transport fluids and dissolved material
3. protect delicate organs
4. support, surround, and interconnect other types of tissues
5. store energy especially in form of triglycerides
6. defend the body from invading microorganisms
37
3 basic components of connective tissue
1. Specialized cells
2. Solid extracellular protein fibers
3. Fluid called ground substance
38
the matrix is made up of
1. ground substance
| 2. protein fibers
39
connective tissue proper: _______ & _________
connect & protect
40
loose connective tissue:
| _______ ground substance, _______ fibers
more, less
41
dense connective tissue:
| ________ fibers, ________ ground substance
more, less
42
fluid connective tissue:
transport
43
examples of fluid connective tissue:
blood and lymph
44
what is supportive connective tissue used for
structural support
45
examples of supportive connective tissue
cartilage and bone
46
What type of fiber is the most common fiber in connective tissue . Long, straight, and unbranched. Strong but flexible
Collagen fibers
47
Collagen fibers resist force in which direction?
One direction
48
What is a type of fiber that is a network of interwoven fibers. Strong but flexible . Stabilize functional cells and structures.
Reticular fibers
49
Reticular fibers resist force in which direction?
Many directions
50
what type of fiber contains elastin and is branched and wavy?
Elastic fibers
51
Elastic fibers resist direction in which way?
Return to regional shape after stretching
52
What fills shapes between cells and slows pathogen movement
Ground substance
53
What does "-blast" mean?
build
54
What cell type in connective tissue is the most abundant cell type , synthesizes extracellular fibers, "build " fibers"
Fibroblast
55
What cell type in connective tissue is the second most abundant cell and it maintains the extracellular fibers
Fibrocytes
56
What cell type in connective tissue has the purpose of fat cells and storing lipids reserves
Adipocytes
57
Stem cells that respond to injury or infection to aid tissue repair
Mesenchymal Cells
58
Synthesize and store brown pigment -melanin
Melanocytes
59
Cell types that eat pathogens and damaged cells.
Macrophages
60
Stimmulate inflammation after injury or infection and mobilize defenses.
Mast cells
61
What do mast cells release
Histamine and heparin
62
Specialized immune cells in lymphatic cells
Lymphocytes
63
Phagocytic blood cells, respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells
Microphages
64
the "packing" materials of the body
Loose connective tissue
65
What are the three types of connective tissue?
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
66
Most common connective tissue proper, least specialized. Packing material of the body. Has all connective tissue proper cell types. Holds blood vessels and capillary beds. Common injection site for drugs due to extensive blood supply.
Areolar Tissue
67
Found deep to skin in various areas in body. Forms layers of padding around eyes and kidneys. Cells (adipocytes) account for most of tissue volume. Storage place for lipids
Adipose tissue
68
Found in the liver, kidney, spleen , lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Provides support and resist distortion. Many reticular fibers forming network (stroma)
Reticular tissue
69
Connective tissue proper tightly packed, high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers
Dense connective tissue
70
Collagen arranged in Farrell bundles , found in tendons, ligaments, or sheets
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
71
Fibers arranged in meshwork, able to resist tension in many directions, found in layered in skin, perichondrium, periosteum, covering visceral organs
Dense irregular connective tissue
72
More elastic fibers than collagen, springy and resident, found between vertebrae and pinwales of large blood vessels
Elastic tissue
73
Fluid matrix with suspended protein, only two types
Fluid connective tissue
74
What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?
Blood and lymph
75
What is the watery matrix in blood called?
Plasma
76
What is the watery matrix in lymph called?
Lymph
77
What is supporting connective tissue made of?
Cartilage and bone
78
What is the purpose of cartilage?
shock absorption and protection
79
Matrix is a firm gel made of: derivatives of polysaccharides called chondroitin sulfates. Ground substance protein. These 2 combine to form proteoglycans which make up the matrix
Cartilage
80
Cells in cartilage are called?
Chondrocytes
81
Are there blood vessels in cartilage?
No
82
Type of Cartilage:
| Stiff but flexible support, reduces friction between bones
Hyaline
83
Type of Cartilage:
| Supportive but bends easily, distorts without damage and returns to original shape, found on external ear
Elastic
84
Type of Cartilage:
Durable but tough. Less ground substance, more collagen fibers, resist compression, prevents bone to bone contact and limits relative movement. Knee joint, between pubic bones, and intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
85
What is the structure of bone?
small volume of ground substance. Matrix made up of calcium slats to provide strength. Collagen fibers provide flexibility.
86
What is the purpose of the bone?
strong, somewhat flexible, resist breaks
87
What are bone cells called?
Osteocytes
88
what lines and covers body surfaces?
membranes
89
Membranes consist of...
an epithelium, supported by connective types
90
How many membranes are there?
4
91
Membrane that lines passageways that are open to the exterior of the body. Found in the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tract.
Mucous
92
_______ _______ is areolar connective tissue
Lamina propria
93
Membrane that lines cavities not open to the outside . Thin but strolng. Composed of mesothelium supported by areolar connective tissue. There are 3 kinds of this membrane. Also contains parietal and visceral potion
Serous membrane
94
Parietal portion covers the
cavity
95
Visceral portion covers the
organ
96
What are the three kinds of serous membranes?
Pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium
97
Membrane that is the skin, surface of the body. Thick, waterproof, and dry.
Cutaneous
98
Membrane that line freely moving joint cavities, produce synovial fluid, protect the end of bones, lack a true epithelium
Synovial
99
What membrane is this?
| Connective tissue layers that support and surround organs and routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Fascia
100
What are the 3 types of fascia?
Superfical, deep and subserous
101
Tissue that produces all body movement
Muscle Tissue
102
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeltal, Cardiac, Smooth
103
What type of muscle tissue moves the body volunteeraly
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
104
What type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart?
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
105
What type of muscle tissue moves fluids and solids along digestive tract, regulates diameter of small arteries
Smooth muscle tissue
106
What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses
Nervous Tissue
107
Nervous tissue is found in
the brain and the spinal cord
108
What are the two types of neural cells?
Neurons and neuroglia
109
Cells in the nervous system and tissue that actually send the signals
neurons
110
support cells, support neurons so neurons can do there job
neuroglia
111
Parts of the neuron?
cell body, dendrites, axon
112
What are the two processes to maintain homeostasis
inflammation and regeneration
113
what is the tissues FIRST response to injury?
Inflammtion
114
What is activated after a injury?
Mast cell activation
115
What is released by mast cell activation?
histamine
116
What are the sign of inflammation?
swelling, redness, warmth, pain
117
During regeneration, ______ move into the damaged area and lay down collagen fibers and bind area together
fibroblasts
118
Epithelia, connective, and smooth muscle regenerate _______
well
119
Other muscle cells and neural tissue regenerate __________
poorly
