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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones does the axial skeleton have?

A

80 bones

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2
Q

How many bones does the appendicular skeleton have?

A

126 bones

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3
Q

How many bones does the human body have?

A

206 bones

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4
Q

The axial skeleton contains bones of the

A

skull, thorax, and vertebral column

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5
Q

The appendicular skeleton contains bones of all the

A

limbs and griddles

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6
Q

The appendicular skeleton attach bones of all limbs and griddles that attach them to what

A

axial skeleton

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7
Q

What are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. support
  2. store minerals and lipids
  3. produce blood cells
  4. protection
  5. leverage
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8
Q

Bones are classified by

A

shape and internal tissue organization

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9
Q

What bone:
thin with parallel surface.
ex: skull bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae

A

flat bones

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10
Q

What bone:
small, irregular bone
ex: found between flat bones of the skull

A

Sutural bones

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11
Q

What bone:
relatively long and thin
ex: arm, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

A

long bones

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12
Q

what bone:
have complex shapes
ex: vertebrae, bones of pelvic, facial bones

A

Irregular bones

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13
Q

What bone:
small and flat
ex: develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, feet

A

Seasmoid bones

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14
Q

What bone:
small and bony/thick
ex: bones of carpals (wrist) and tarsals (ankles)

A

Short bones

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15
Q

Bone markings that are along bone surface, indicate locations of blood vessels or nerves

A

depression, grooves, or tunnels

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16
Q

Bone marking that are muscles, tendons, and ligament attachments. At articulations with other bones

A

Elevations or projections

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the long bone

A

Epiphysis, diaphysis, and metaphysis

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18
Q

Wide part at each end. Articulation with other bones (joints). Made mostly of spongy bone. Covered with articular cartilage

A

Epiphysis

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19
Q

The epiphysis is made mostly of what

A

spongy bone

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20
Q

The epiphysis is covered with?

A

articular cartilage

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21
Q

The shaft. A heavy wall made of compact bone. A central space called the medullary cavity.

A

diaphysis

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22
Q

What is the central space in the diaphysis called?

A

medullary cavity

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23
Q

What is in the medullary cavity?

A

red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

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24
Q

involved in the red blood cell production

A

red bone marrow

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25
Q

what bone marrow:

adipose tissue, energy reserve

A

yellow bone marrow

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26
Q

Where the diaphysis and the epiphysis meet

A

Metaphysis

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27
Q

What bone:

Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone. Spongy bone is between 2 layers of compact bone

A

Flat bone

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28
Q

Bones have __________ blood supply

A

extensive

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29
Q

Enter the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen. And the femur has more than one pair

A

Nutrient artery and vein

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30
Q

Nutrient artery and vein enter through the

A

nutrient foramen

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31
Q

Supply the blood where bone growth occurs

A

Metaphyseal vessels

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32
Q

Periosteum also contains what?

A

lymphatic vessels and sensory nerves

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33
Q

Bone tissues is a _________ __________ tissue.

A

supportive connective

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34
Q

Bone tissue contains

A

specialized cells and matrix

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35
Q

_________ _______ despots are found in the matrix around the protein fibers

A

Calcium salt

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36
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)
  2. Osteoblast
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
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37
Q

Which bone cell:
Mescenhymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblast. Located in thinner lining of periosteum, lining endosperm in medullary cavity, lining passageways containing blood vessels. assist in fracture repair

A

Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic cells)

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38
Q

Osteogenic cells turn into what?

A

Osteoblasts

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39
Q

What bone cell?

Immature cone cells that build/produce the matrix

A

Osteoblast

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40
Q

Osteoblast surrounded by bone become what?

A

Osteocytes

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41
Q

What bone cell:
Mature bone cells that maintain the matrix. Live in lacunae (pockets). Separated by layers (lamellae) of matrix. Interconnected by canaliculi. Do NOT divide

A

Osteocytes

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42
Q

Osteocytes do not _______

A

divide

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43
Q

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that ________ the matrix

A

maintain

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44
Q

What bone cell:
Remove and recycle bone matrix. Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes. Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals. Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages.

A

Osteoclasts

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45
Q

Osteoclast ________ and _________ bone matrix.

A

remove, recycle

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46
Q

Osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix and release ______ _________.

A

stored minerals

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47
Q

Bone cells must maintain a balance between what

A

bone building by osteoblast and bone recycling by osteoclast

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48
Q

If bones are breaking down more than building, the bones become what?

49
Q

What causes osteoblasts to build more bone?

A

Exercise, particularly weight-bearing exercise

50
Q

2/3 of the bone matrix is made of

A

calcium phosphate

51
Q

1/3 of bone matrix is made of _________ _________ to provide ________

A

collagen fibers, flexible

52
Q

Structure of the compact bone:

What is the basic functional unit?

53
Q

Osteocytes are arranged in

A

concentric lamellae

54
Q

Around a ______ ______ containing blood vessels

A

central canal

55
Q

Perforating canals are ___________ to the central canal and carry blood vessels into the bone and marrow.

A

perpendicular

56
Q

Defined as lamellae wrapped around the outside of a long bone

A

Circumferential lamellae

57
Q

Structure of Spongy Bone:

Lamellae form an open network of what?

A

trabeculae (struts and plates)

58
Q

Structure of Spongy Bone:

Space between trabeculae is filled with

A

red bone marrow

59
Q

Appositional growth in bones increase the _______ of existing bones

60
Q

Osteogenic cells differentiate into ________ to add bone matrix under the periosteum

A

osteoblast

61
Q

Trapped osteoblast become what

A

osteocytes

62
Q

Osteoclasts _______ matrix at inner surface to enlarge medullary cavity.

63
Q

Periosteum overs all bone except parts ___________________

A

of the ends of bones

64
Q

What are the 2 layers of periosteum

A

outer (fibrous )

inner (cellular)

65
Q

What kind of fibers allow for strong attachment?

A

Perforating

66
Q

Defined as a fiber that connect with collagen fibers in the bone, connect with fibers of joint calluses to allow for tendon and ligament attachment.

A

Perforating fibers

67
Q

Perforating fibers are also called

A

sharpie fibers

68
Q

What are the functions of the periosteum?

A
  1. isolates bones from surrounding tissues
  2. route for blood and nervous supply
  3. actively participates in bone growth and repair
69
Q

The endosteum is an _________ cellular layer,

A

incomplete

70
Q

The endosteum line the

A

medullary cavity

71
Q

What part of the compact bone is an incomplete cellular layer, lines the medullary cavity, covers trabeculae of spongy bone, lines central canals. It contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor velds, and osteoclasts. Active in bone remodeling

72
Q

The endosteum is active in

A

bone remodeling

73
Q

What are the 2 main forms of ossification?

A
  1. endochondral and 2. intramembranous
74
Q

Type of ossification that ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartilage

A

Endochondral

75
Q

Endochondral ossification ossifies bones that originate from what

A

hyaline cartilage

76
Q

At puberty, epiphyseal cartilage becomes more narrow and eventually closes leaving behind the

A

epiphyseal line

77
Q

step in endochondral ossification that is the beginning of the spongy bone production. Start to add matrix, located in the center of diaphysis

A

Primary ossification center

78
Q

step in endochondral ossification that is moving toward the epiphysis

A

meduallry cavity

79
Q

step in the endochondral ossification where capillaries and osteoblast migrate into the epiphyses

A

secondary ossification center

80
Q

At puberty, epiphyseal cartilage becomes more narrow and eventually closes leaving behind what?

A

epiphyseal line

81
Q

What type of ossification occurs in the deeper layers of the dermis?

A

Intramembranous ossification

82
Q

Bones store what?

A

calcium and other minerals

83
Q

Calcium is the most __________ mineral in the body.

84
Q

Calcium is vital to what?

A
  1. muscle contraction
  2. blood coagulation
  3. nerve impulse generation
85
Q

Calcium levels must be what?

A

regulated (calcium homeostasis)

86
Q

Calcium is regulated by what?

A
  1. calcitonin

2. parathyroid hormone

87
Q

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are controlled by activities of

A
  1. intestines (absorption)
  2. bones (storage)
  3. Kidneys (excretion)
88
Q

In controlling calcitonin and PTH, what are the intestines important for?

A

absorption

89
Q

In controlling calcitonin and PTH, what are the bones important for?

90
Q

In controlling calcitonin and PTH, what are the kidneys important for?

91
Q

If calcium levels drop, _____________ is secreted.

A

parathyroid hormone

92
Q

PTH will increase calcium ion levels by:

A
  1. stimulating osteoclast
  2. increasing intestinal absorption of calcium
  3. decreasing excretion
93
Q

If calcium levels increase, ______ is secreted.

A

calcitonin

94
Q

Calcitonin will decrease calcium ions by:

A
  1. inhibiting osteoclast activity
  2. increasing calcitonin level
  3. decreasing intestinal absorption
95
Q

As a calcium reserve, the _______ has a primary role in homeostasis.

96
Q

The adult skeleton:

A
  1. maintains itself
  2. replaces mineral reserves
  3. recycles and renews bone matrix
  4. involves osteocytes, osteoblast, and osteoclast
97
Q

Describe the process of bone remodeling

A

bone continually remodels, recycles, and replaces

98
Q

If deposition is greater than removal, bones get ________

99
Q

If removal is faster than replacement, bones get _______.

100
Q

What makes bones become thicker and stronger?

A

Heavily stressed bones

101
Q

How much bones mass can be lost in just a few weeks of inactivity?

A

1/3 of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity.

102
Q

Defined as a crack or break due to extreme mechanical stress. Most heal as long as blood supply and cellular parts of periosteum and endosteum survive.

103
Q

Fractures are repaired in 4 steps

A
  1. fracture hematoma formation
  2. callus formation
  3. spongy bone formation
  4. compact bone formation
104
Q

What is the 1st step in fracture repair and describe it

A
  1. fracture hematoma formation

large clot closes injured vessels. develops within several hours

105
Q

What is the 2nd step in fracture repair and describe it

A
  1. callus formation
    internal: network of spongy bone. unites inner edges of fracture
    external: composed of cartilage and bone. stabilizes outer edges of fractures
106
Q

What is the 3rd step in fracture repair and describe it

A
  1. spongy bone formation:

osteoblasts
cartilage of external callus, replaced by spongy bone. bone fragments and dead bone are removed and replaced. ends of fractures held firmly in place

107
Q

What is the 4th step in fracture repair and describe it

A
  1. compact bone formation

(osteoblast and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year)
spongy bone replaced by compact bone. remodeling over time eliminates evidence of fracture

108
Q

completely internal (no break in the skin) only seen on X-rays

A

closed (simple)

109
Q

open or compound fracture

A

project through the skin. more dangerous due to infection and uncontrolled bleeding

110
Q

fracture:

along the long axis

A

traverse fx

111
Q

fracture:

abnormal bone alignment

A

displaced fx

112
Q

compression fx

A

vertebrae subjected to extreme stress

113
Q

spiral fx

A

produced by twisting stresses

114
Q

growth plate: could stop growth without proper treatment

A

epiphyseal fx

115
Q

fracture:

shattering

A

communicated fx

116
Q

In children: one side breaks, the other side bends

A

Greenstick fx

117
Q

Distal portion of radius from cushioning a fall

118
Q

occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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