Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
The axial skeleton has ___ bones.
A
80
2
Q
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
A
the skull, the thoracic cage, and the vertebral column
3
Q
The skull consist of
- ___ cranial bones
- ___ facial bones
- ___ auditory ossicles
- the _____ bone
A
- 8 cranial bones
- 14 facial bones
- 6 auditory ossicles
- the hyoid bone
(29 bones)
4
Q
The thoracic cage consist of
A
24 ribs and the sternum
5
Q
The vertebral column consists of
A
24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
6
Q
What are the functions of the axial skeleton?
A
- supports and protects organs in body cavities
- attaches to muscles of head, neck, and trunk
- perform respiratory movement
- stabilize or piston parts of appendicular skeleton that support the limbs
7
Q
joints of the axial skeleton are _____ in movement but very strong
A
limited
8
Q
suture that attaches frontal to parietal bone
A
coronal suture
9
Q
suture that attaches temporal and parietal bone
A
squamous suture
10
Q
suture that attaches parietal bone
A
sagittal suture
11
Q
suture attaches occipital to parietal bone
A
lambdoid suture
12
Q
Forms: the anterior portion of the cranium and roof of the orbits
Contains: frontal sinuses that secrete mucus that helps flush the nasal cavities
A
Frontal bones
13
Q
what does the frontal bone contain?
A
frontal sinuses
14
Q
The sphenoid is part of the _______ of the cranium.
A
floor
15
Q
What are the features of the sphenoid?
A
the optic canals for optic nerves and sella turcica
16
Q
Saddle shaped enclosure.
A
sella turcica
17
Q
A depression within the sella turcica that holds the pituitary gland
A
hypophyseal fossa
18
Q
What are the functions of the sphenoid?
A
- part of the floor of the cranium
- unites cranial and facial bones
- strengthens sides of the skull
19
Q
What are the functions of the ethmoid?
A
- forms anteromedial floor of the cranium
- roof of the nasal cavity
- part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall
- contains ethmoidal air cells
20
Q
What are the 3 parts of the ethmoid?
A
- Cribriform plate
- Ethmoidal labyrinth
- The perpendicular plate
21
Q
Part of the Ethmoid:
Floor of the cranium, roof of the nasal cavity, olfactory foramina permit passage of olfactory nerves for sense of smell.
A
Cribriform plate
22
Q
Part of the Ethmoid:
superior nasal conchae
middle nasal conchae
A
Ethmoidal labyrinth
23
Q
Part of the Ethmoid:
top part of the nasal septum
A
the perpendicular plate
24
Q
Forms: part of the superior and lateral surface of the cranium
A
Parietal bones
25
Contributes to posterior, lateral , and inferior cranial surfaces.
Markings: external occipital protuberance, occipital condyles, foramen magnum, jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canals
Occipital bone
26
Occipital condyles articulate with
the 1st vertebrae of the neck
27
Foramen magnum
connects cranial and spinal cavities
28
Functions:
1. Part of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches
2. Article with mandible
3. Surround and protect the sense of organs of inner ear
4. Attach muscles of jaw and head
Features: Zygomatic process, Mandibular fossa, external acoustic meatus, internal acoustic meatus, auditory ossicles
Temporal bones
29
Temporal bones articulate with the
mandible
30
Temporal bones surround and protect the
sense organs of inner ear
31
attachment for muscles. contains mastoid air cells connected to the middle ear
mastoid process
32
attachment for ligaments supporting the hyoid bone and tendons of several muscles
styloid process
33
Articulates with: temporal process of zygomatic bone
forms: zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process
34
Articulates with the mandible
mandibular fossa
35
How many auditory ossicles are in each ear?
3
36
What is the job of auiditory ossicles?
Transfer sound from tympanic membrane to inner ear
37
What are the functions of the nasal bone?
1. Support the bridge of the nose
| 2. Connect to cartilages of the distal part of the nose
38
The smallest face bones, form part of the medial wall of the orbit (eye socket)
the lacrimal bones
39
What are the functions of the palatine bones?
1. form the posterior portion of the hard plate
| 2. contribute to the floors of the orbits
40
What are the divisions of the palatine bones?
horizontal plate and perpendicular plate
41
What are the zygomatic bones?
cheek bones
42
maxialle support the ______ teeth.
upper
43
What are the features of the maxilla?
1. alveolar processes
2. Palatine processes
3. maxillary sinsuses
44
maxillae feature that:
| border the mouth and support the upper teeth
alveolar processes
45
maxillae feature that:
| form the hard plate (roof of mouth)
palatine processes
46
maxialle feature that:
| lighten bone
maxillary sinuses
47
What are the functions of the inferior nasal conchae?
1. Create air turbulence in the nasal cavity
2. Increase the epithelial surface
3. Warm and humidify air
48
Forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum
Vomer
49
Only movable articulation with the skull
mandible
50
considered the "floating bone"
the hyoid bone
51
what are the functions of the hyoid bone?
1. support the larynx
2. greater horn
3. lesser horn
52
the greater horn of the hyoid bone attaches muscles that move the _______.
tongue
53
the lesser horn is used for
attachment for hyoid and laryngeal ligaments
54
the lesser horn is connected to the _______ ________ of temporal bones by the stylohoid ligament
styloid processes
55
The eye sockets are called
orbits
56
Paranasal sinuses are air filled chambers connected to the
nasal cavities
57
In the infant skull, ______ is not complete at birth
fusion
58
The infant skull _ frontal bones and _ occipital bones.
2, 4
59
soft spot:
| largest fontanelles. persists until about age 2. covers a major blood vessel, pulses as heart beats.
anterior
60
soft spot:
| junction of squamous and coronal sutures
Sphenoidal
61
soft spot:
| junction of squamous and lambdoid sutures
Mastoid
62
soft spot:
| junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures
Posterior
63
what is craniostenodid?
the premature closing 1 or more fontanelles
64
what is plagiocephaly?
suture are open. flat spots
65
The vertebral column provides
protection and support
66
How many bones does the vertebral column have?
26
67
The neck:
| _ cervical vertrebrae
7
68
The upper back:
| _ thoracic vertebrae
12
69
The thoracic vertebrae articulate with
1 or more ribs
70
the lower back:
| _ lumbar vertebrae
5
71
what are the 2 primary curves?
thoracic curve and sacral curve
72
curve that accommodates the thoracic organs
thoracic curve
73
curve that accommodates
abdominopelvic organs
74
Primary curves are one that
are present during fetal development
75
Secondary curves appear
after birth
76
what are the two secondary curves
1. cervical curve
| 2. lumbar curve
77
curve that develops as an infant learns to lift its head. balances head not he neck
cervical curve
78
curve that balances the wight of the trunk over the lower limps. ability to stand
lumbar curve
79
Exagertated thoracic spine. Caused by poor posture, compression fractures
Kyphosis
80
Lumbar curve curves inward. Caused by pregnant, weight gain, muscular
Lordosis
81
Can cover thoracic or lumbar curve. "S" curve of the spine. Muscle imbalance. Underlying causes of cerebral palsy. Genetic
Scoliosis
82
Function: transfer weight along the spine
vertebral body
83
forms posterior and lateral margins of the vertebral foramen
vertebral arch
84
What is the vertebral arch composed of?
1. pedicles
2. laminae
3. spinous process
4. transverse process
85
pedicles- ?
the walls
86
laminae- ?
the roof
87
projects posteriorly from point of fusion of the laminae
spinous processes
88
project laterally from where pedicles join the laminae. Sites of muscle attachments. May articulate with the ribs
Transverse processes
89
1. Extend superiorly and inferiorly to articulate with adjacent vertebrae
2 parts
Articular processes
90
What are the 2 parts of the articular process?
1. superior articular process
| 2. inferior articular process
91
articulate with the inferior articular processes of a superior vertebrae
superior articular process
92
articulate with the superior articular processes of an inferior vertebra
inferior articular process
93
Spaces formed between successive pedicles. Allow passage of nerves and blood vessels
Intervertebral foramina
94
The sacrum is __ fused vertebrae
5
95
How are the vertebral regions named?
By a capital letter to designate the region and the relative portion of the vertebra within the region indicated by a subscript
96
The thoracic cage consists of
1. thoracic vertebrae
2. ribs
3. sternum
97
The thoracic cage protects
the heart, lungs, thymus, and other thoracic cavity organs
98
The sternal body attaches to costal cartilages of ribs
2-7
99
How many pairs of ribs do we have?
12
100
What are the two types of ribs
true and false
101
Ribs 1-7 are called
true ribs
102
Ribs 8-10
false ribs
103
Ribs 11-12
floating ribs
104
What does the movement of ribs look like?
Typical ribs act like a bucket handle held out to the side horizontality. Pushing down moves ribs inward. Pushing up moves ribs outward
105
Protects vertebral arteries and veins serving the brain
Transverse foramen
106
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
107
The appendicular skeleton is made up of the
limbs and griddles
108
The pectoral girdle is also called the
shoulder girdle
109
The pectoral girdle consist if
1. an s-shaped clavicle
| 2. a broad, flat scapula
110
The clavicles are
S- shaped bones
111
The clavicles originate at the
manubrium (sternal end)
112
The clavicles articulate with the
acrominon (acromial end)
113
Broad, flat triangles. Body has 3 sides.
Scapula
114
What are the 3 sides of the body of the scapula?
1. Superior border
2. medial (vertebral) border
3. Lateral ( axillary) border
115
Anterior surface of the scapula is called
subscapular fossa
116
The glenoid cavity articulates with ________.
humerus
117
The glenoid cavity forms what joint?
glenohumeral joint
118
What processes are in the scapula?
1. Coracoid process
| 2. Acrominan process
119
Which process in scapula?
| Location: projects anterior and superior to glenoid cavity
Coracoid process
120
Which process in the scapula?
| Location: extends laterally , projects posterior and superior to the glenoid cavity. Continous with the scapular spine
Acromion process
121
The acromminon process articulates with the
acrominon
122
The acrominon process forms what joint
the acrominiovascular joint
123
What are the posterior features of the spine
1. Supraspinous fossa
| 2. Infraspinous fossa
124
What are the parts of the upper limb?
1. The humerous
| 2. The forearm
125
What makes up the humorous?
2 epihsysis and a diaphysis
126
The humorous is also called the what?
the brachium
127
The proximal end of the humorous articulates with the
glenoid cavity
128
Proximal end of the humorous, more rounded , on the medial side
the head of the humorous
129
Rounded projection on lateral epiphyseal surface
Greater tubercle
130
smaller projection on anterior medial surface of epiphysis
lesser tubercle
131
a bulge in the shaft that attaches to the deltoid muscles
deltoid tuberosity
132
shaft expands at distal ends to form
medial and lateral condyles
133
The condyle of the humerus articulates with the _____ and _____
radius and ulna
134
Articular regions of the the condyle:
| articulates with the ulna
Trochlea
135
Articular regions of the condyle:
| Articulates with the radius
Capitulum
136
The forearm is also called the
ante brachium
137
The forearm contains two long bones
ulna and radius
138
Shafts are connected by the
interosseous membrane
139
radial notch on ulna articulates radial head
proximal radio-ulnar joint
140
Lateral surface of head of ulna articulates with ulnar notch on distal end of radius
distal radio-ulnar joint
141
Proximal end of the ulna, the point of the elbow, trochlear notch
the olecranon
142
Articulates with the trochlea of humerus
trochlear notch
143
inferior lip of trochlear notch
the coronoid process
144
with forearm extended: Olecranon enters _________ _______ of the humerus
olecranon process
145
With forearm flexed: ________ process enters fossa of the humerus.
coronoid
146
lateral bone of the forearm
radius
147
disc shaped proximal end of the radius, articulates with the capitulum of humerus
radial head
148
attachment for biceps brachia muscle
radial tuberosity
149
pointed projection on the postal end of the radius. helps stabilze the wrist joints
radial styloid process
150
How many carpal bones are there?
8
151
4 proximal carpal
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
152
closest to styloid process of radius
scaphoid
153
which carpal bone:
| pea-shaped, anterior to the triquetrum
pisiform
154
4 distal carpal bones
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
155
medial, distal carpal bone, prominent hook projects anteriorly
hamate
156
How are metacarpals numbered?
1-5 starting with the thumb
157
the pollex is also called the
thumb
158
the pelvic griddle is made up of 2 hip bones also called ______ bones.
coxal
159
Coxal bones made uo of 3 fused bones:
1. illium
2. ischium
3. pubis
160
fibrocartilage pad connecting the right and left pubic bones
pubic symphais
161
The meeting point of the illium, ischium, pubis. location: under illium, in between ischium and pubis. Smooth cup shaped surface. Articulates with head of femur
The acetabulum
162
Consist of iliac spines, greater sciatic notch, iliac crest and articular, surface
illium
163
passage of sciatic nerve to lower limb
greater sciatic notch
164
important ridge for muscle attachment
iliac crest
165
the ischial tuberosity is the attachment for
hamstring muscles
166
The pelvis includes
2 coral bones, sacrum, coccyx
167
The sacroiliac joint is the the articulation between the
sacrum anf adjacent ilium
168
longest and heaviest bone in the body
femur
169
The parts of the femur
epiphysis, metaphysic, and diaphysis
170
The femoral head articulates with the pelvis at the
acteabulm
171
the femoral head attaches at the
fovea capitis
172
The neck of the femur is the narrow area between
the head and shaft
173
which trochanter:
| large rough projections
greater trochanter
174
which trochanter:
| smaller projection extending posteriorly and medially
lesser trochanter
175
The trochanters are separated by (anterior and posterior)
a: patellar surface
p: intercondylar fossa
176
medial and lateral condyles are separated by
intercondylar fossa and patellar surface
177
What type of bone is the patella?
seasomid
178
the patella is formed within the tendon of
quadriceps femoris
179
the patella base attaches at the
quadriceps tendon
180
The patella apex attaches at the
patellar ligament
181
supports body weight, larger than fibula, medial to fibula
the tibia
182
the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with
the medial and lateral condyles of the femur
183
the tibial tuberosity attaches to the
patellar ligament
184
medial projection at the ankle
medial malleolus
185
the head of the fibula articulates with the
tibia
186
distal tip that extends laterally to the ankle. provides lateral stability for ankle
lateral malleolus
187
how many tarsal bones are there?
7
188
carries weight from tibia
talus
189
transfer weight from leg to ground and attaches at the achilles tendon.
calcaneus
