Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of muscle:

tissue is striated. voluntary- somatic. it moves the body

A

skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what type of muscle:

tissue is striated. involuntary - visceral. pushes blood through cardiovascular system

A

cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what type of muscle:
tissue is not striated. involuntary- visceral. pushes fluid and solids along the digestive tract and regulates diameters of arteries among other functions

A

smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

produce body movement, maintain posture and body position, support soft tissue, guard body entrances/exits, maintain body temperature, store nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does producing body movement do?

A

muscle tendons pull and move joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does maintaining posture and body position do?

A

stabilize joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does supporting soft tissue do?

A

surround, support, and shield internal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does guarding body entrances and exits do?

A

sphincters encircle openings, provide voluntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does maintaining body temperature work?

A

contraction uses the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define muscle fibers

A

a single muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber (cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define sacroplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define myofibril

A

small cylindrical structures arranged parallel inside muscle fibers; run length of muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the organization of connective tissue?

A
  1. Epimysium ‘
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dense sheath of collagen fibers that surround the entire muscle. Separates muscle from surrounding tissue

A

Epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Surrounds muscle fiber bundles aka fascicles. Contains blood vessels and nerve supply to fascicles

A

Perimyisum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Surrounds individual muscle cells aka muscle gibers. Contains capillaries and nerve fibers containing muscle cells. Contains my-satellite cells (stem cells) that help repair damaged muscle tissue

A

Endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The endomysium, perimysium and epimysium come together at the ends of muscles to form ________

A

tendons or aponeurosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The sarcolemma is the _______ _________ of a muscle fiber (cell).

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The sarcolemma surrounds the ___________. (cytoplasm of a muscle fiber)

A

sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A change in the transmembrane potential begins a __________ _________.

A

muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Transverse tubules (T Tubules) transmit the ______ _______ through the cell, allowing the entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously.

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Myofibrils are made up of bundles of protein filaments called

A

myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Myofilaments are responsible for what?

A

muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thin filaments- made of the protein:

A

actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Thick filaments- made of the protein:

A

myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A membranous structure that surrounds each myofibril

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum help to transmit the _______ _______ to the _______.

A

action potential, myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Smallest functional units of muscle fibers

A

Sacromeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the dark, thick filaments are called

A

A bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the light, thin filaments are called

A

I bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The A band:

the center of the A band. At midline of sacormere

A

M line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The A band:

the are around the M line. Has thick filaments but no thin filaments.

A

H band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The A band:

the denest, darkest area on a light micrograph. Where thick and thin filaments overlap

A

Zone of Overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The I band:

the centers of the I band. At two ends of sarcomere

A

Z lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The I band:

strands of elastic protein. reach from tips of thick filaments to the Z lines. Stablizies the filaments

A

Titin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Thin Filaments:

2 twisted rows of globular G actin that hold the active sites which will bind with myosin

A

F-actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

hold the F-actin strands together

A

Nebulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Thin Filaments:

a double strand that covers the active sites

A

Tropomyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Thin Filaments:

A globular protein that binds to tropomyosin, controlled by Ca2+

A

troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Initating a muscle contraction:

A
  1. Ca2+ will bing to a receptor in tropnin
  2. Troponin will then cause tropomyosin to move out of the way and expose the active sites on the F-actin so that the active sites can bind with myosin heads.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Thick filaments contain about 300 twisted ______ subunits.

A

myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Thick filaments contain ______ strands that recoil after stretching

A

titin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The myosin molecule has a

A

tail and head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

myosin molecule:

face M line, free heads face out toward thin filaments. Binds to other myosin molecules

A

tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

myosin molecule:

reaches the nearest thin filaments

A

head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Thin filaments of sarcomere slide toward _ _____, alongside _________.

A

M line, thick filaments

49
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction in 3 steps

A
  1. Neural simulation of sarcolemma
  2. Muscle fiber contraction
  3. Tension production
50
Q

Excitation- Contraction Coupling (6 steps)

A
  1. Neural Control
  2. Excitation
  3. Calcium ion release
  4. Contraction Cycle Begins
  5. Sacromeres shorten
  6. Muscle tension produced `
51
Q

What step of Excitation- contraction coupling?

action potential in motor neuron starts

A
  1. Neural Control
52
Q

What step of Excitation- contraction coupling?

action potential causes each release from motor neuron. Leads to excitation (action potential) in sarcolemma.

A

Excitation

53
Q

What step of Excitation- contraction coupling?

action potential travels through sarcolemma into T-tubules to the triad triggering the release of stored Ca2+ from the terminal cistern of sacroplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium ion release

54
Q

What step of Excitation- contraction coupling?

during a muscle contraction, the entire skeletal muscle shortens and produces tension on the tendons at either end of the muscle

A

Muscle tension produced

55
Q

Describe the Contraction Cycle

A
  1. Resting sarcomere
  2. Contraction cycle begins
  3. Active-site exposure
  4. Cross-bridge formation
  5. myosin head formation
  6. Cross bridge detachment
  7. Myosin reactivation
56
Q

What step in the contraction cycle:

Myosin heads are all “energized” and “cocked”. Cocking head requires breakdown of ATP. Myosin head acts as ATP base; ADP and P stay attached to head.

A

Resting sarcomere

57
Q

What step in the contraction cycle:

Begins with the arrival of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the zone of overlap

A

Contraction cycle begins

58
Q

What step in the contraction cycle:

Calcium binds to troponin which moves trpopmyosin out of the way, exposing active sites on actin

A

Active- site exposure

59
Q

What step in the contraction cycle:

Once active sites are exposed, energized myosin heads bind them forming cross-bridges

A

Cross- Bridge formation

60
Q

What step in the contraction cycle?

Myosin head pivots toward M line (cause shortening). This is the power stroke. When this happens, ADP and P are released

A

Myosin Head Pivots

61
Q

What step in the contraction cycle?

A new ATP attaches to each myosin head, myosin head releases from actin. Active sites are available to form another cross-bridge

A

Cross bridge detachment

62
Q

What step in the contraction cycle?

Myosin head is “reactivated” when the ATP splits into ADP and phosphate. This re-cocks the myosin head.

A

Myosin reactivation

63
Q
  1. Contraction cycle begins;

Begins with the arrival of _______ from the scaroplasmic reticulum to the zone of overlap.

A

calcium

64
Q
  1. Active-Site exposure

Calcium binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin out of the way, exposing ______ _______ on ______.

A

active sites on actin

65
Q
  1. Cross-bridge formation

Once active sites are exposed, energized _______ heads bind to them forming _________

A

myosin, cross-bridges

66
Q
  1. Myosin head pivoting
    Myosin head pivots toward M line (cause shortening). This is called the ______ ______. When this happens, ADP and P are released.
A

power stroke

67
Q
  1. Myosin reactivation

Myosin head is “reactivated” when the ATP splits into ____ and ______. The re-cocks the myosin head.

A

ADP and phosphate

68
Q

When does the cycle repeat?

A

while Ca2+ is high and ATP is available

69
Q

The Ca2+ stay high only if:

A

action potentials continue

70
Q

When stimulus ends, SR calcium channels ______

A

close

71
Q

When stimulus ends, Ca2+ releases from ________ and returns into terminal cistern of the ____

A

troponin and SR

72
Q

A fixed muscular contraction after death

A

Rigor Mortis

73
Q

rigor mortis is caused when ion pumps can’t function because they run out of _____

A

ATP

74
Q

Rigor mortis is caused when calcium builds up in the __________.

A

sarcoplasm

75
Q

broad sheet with broad attachment to bone

A

Aponeurosis

76
Q

Tension production depends on the optimal resting length of a ________.

A

Sarcomere

77
Q

The optimal resting length of a sarcomere is the length where a maximum number of ________ can form.

A

cross-bridges

78
Q

The optimal resting length of a sarcomere produces the

A

most tension

79
Q

Muscle Twitch Steps

A
  1. Latent Period
  2. Contraction phase
  3. Relaxation phase
80
Q

Action potential stimulates sacrolemma. Calcium released from sacroplsmic reticulum. No tension yet

A

Latent period

81
Q

Calcium binds to troponin. Cross-bridge

A

Contraction phase

82
Q

Calcium drops, cross bridges detach; active sites covered. Tension returns to resting levels

A

Relaxation phase

83
Q

single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it controls

A

motor unit

84
Q

activation of more motor unites to produce

A

recruitment

85
Q

achieved when ALL motor units reach tetanus

A

Maximum tension

86
Q

less than maximum tension and allows motor units to rest in rotation (asynchronous motor unit summation)

A

Sustained tension

87
Q

the normal tension of a muscle at rest

A

muscle tone

88
Q

muscle tone allows muscle units to actively maintain body position ________ motion

A

without

89
Q

As tension rises, skeletal muscle length _______(there is movement with the same tension)

A

changes

90
Q

What type of muscle contraction?

skeletal muscle length changes

A

isotonic

91
Q

Isotonic Muscle Contraction:

muscle tension rises until exceeds load. as muscle shortens, the tension then remains constant.

A

concentric

92
Q

muscle tension ______ until exceeds load

A

rises

93
Q

As muscle shortens, the tension then remains ______.

A

constant

94
Q

What type of muscle contraction:

skeletal muscle develops tension but NO change in length. Tension can change but length can’t.

A

Isometric

95
Q

Is muscle relaxation a active or passive process?

A

passive

96
Q

What force?

the pull of elastic elements (tendons and ligaments). Expands the sarcomeres to resting length

A

elastic forces

97
Q

What force?

reverse the direction of the original motion. Are the work of opposing skeletal muscle pairs

A

opposing muscle contraction

98
Q

What force?

can take the place of opposing muscle contraction to return a muscle to its resting state

A

gravity

99
Q

Source of ATP in muscles

anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.
location:cytosol
oxygen is not required
2 ATP produced

A

glycolysis

100
Q

Sources of ATP in muscles

location: mitochondria
Produce 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

A

Aerobioc metabolism

101
Q

How many ATP’s does aerobic metabolism produce?

A

38

102
Q

How many glycolysis does ATP produce?

A

2

103
Q

Energy reserves in a typical skeletal muscle fiber

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Free ATP
  3. Glycolysis
  4. Aerobic metabolism
104
Q

when muscle cannon longer perform a required activity

A

muscle fatigue

105
Q

What is the major factor in muscle fatigue?

A

decreased pH

106
Q

Muscle fatigue decreases

A

calcium/troponin binding

107
Q

Muscle fatigue alters

A

enzymes activités

108
Q

amount of oxygen required to restore normal, pre-exertion conditions

A

oxygen debts

109
Q

in the recovery period, _________ becomes available

A

oxygen

110
Q

What fiber:

diameter: large 
time to tension: rapid
contraction speed: fast
fatigue: rapidly 
color:white
mitochondria: few
A

fast fibers

111
Q

What fiber:

diameter: half diameter of fast
time of tension: prolonged
contraction speed: slow
fatigue: not as quick 
color: dark red
mitochondria: high
A

slow fibers

112
Q

What fiber:

diameter: intermediate 
time of tension: medium 
contraction speed: fast
fatigue: more resistant to fatigue than fast fibers
color: pink
mitochondria: high
A

intermediate fibers

113
Q

muscle enlargement =

A

muscle hypertrophy

114
Q

decreased muscle size, tone and power=

A

muscle atrophy

115
Q

Virus attacks CNS motor neurons causing atrophy and paralysis.

A

Polio

116
Q

surpasses the inhibition of motor neuron activity

A

tetanus

117
Q

affect neuromuscular communication

A

Botulism

118
Q

affect neuromuscular communication. Autoimmune disease causing loss of Ach receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Results in progressive muscualar weakness

A

Myasthemia gravis

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions