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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Length of Spinal Cord:

A

18 inches

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2
Q

Spinal cord ends between what vertebrae?

A

L1 and L2

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3
Q

How many cervical vertebrae?

A

8

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4
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

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5
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

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6
Q

How many sacral vertebrae?

A

5

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7
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae?

A

1

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8
Q

C1 runs _______ 1st cervical vertebra

A

above

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9
Q

C8 runs _______7th cervical vertebrae

A

below

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10
Q

All others are named for vertebrae _______

A

above

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11
Q

Conus medullaris: cone shaped end of the spinal cord at _______

A

L1-L2

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12
Q

cone-shaped end of the spinal cord at L1-L2

A

conus medullaris

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13
Q

Thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris. Attaches to the coccygeal ligament

A

Filum terminale

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14
Q

Nerve roots that extend below conus medullaris

A

Cauda equina

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15
Q

Cauda equina is also called

A

“the horse tail”

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16
Q

superficial; myelinated & unmyelinated axons

A

white matter

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17
Q

deep; forms a H or butterfly shape. Mostly neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons.

A

gray matter

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18
Q

The central canal contains what?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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19
Q

Shallow, longitude groove on posterior surface

A

posterior median sulcus

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20
Q

Deep groove on anterior surface

A

Anterior median fissure

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21
Q

What are the 2 branches if the spinal nerve roots?

A
  1. anterior (ventral) root

2. Posterior (dorsal) root

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22
Q

What root contains axons of motor neurons?

A

anterior (ventral) roots

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23
Q

What root contains axons of sensory neurons?

A

posterior (dorsal) roots

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24
Q

Dorsal root ganglia- contain cell bodies of _________ neurons

A

sensory

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25
Q

Each dorsal and ventral root join to form a ________ _______.

A

spinal nerve

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26
Q

Spinal nerves are MIXED meaning they carry both ______ and ________ fibers.

A

afferent (sensory)

efferent (motor)

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27
Q

afferent =

A

sensory

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28
Q

Functions of spinal meninges

A
  1. physical stability
  2. shock absorption
  3. carrying blood supply
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29
Q

A viral or bacterial infection of meninges

A

Meningitis

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30
Q

What are the 3 meningitis layers?

A
  1. Dura Matter
  2. Arachnoid matter
  3. Pia matter
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31
Q

the outermost layer of meningeal layers

A

dura matter

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32
Q

Cranially dura matter _______ with periosteum f occipital bone.

A

fuses

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33
Q

Dura matter:

tapers to dense cord of collagen fibers. Joins the film terminale in coccygeal ligament

A

Caudally

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34
Q

Dura matter:

between spinal dura matter and the walls of vertebral canal. Anesthetic injection site

A

Epidural Space

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35
Q

the middle layer of meningeal layers

A

Arachnoid matter

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36
Q

includes the arachnoid membrane: a layer of simple squamous epithelium that covers the arachnoid mater. . Subdural space, subarachnoid space.

A

Arachnoid matter

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37
Q

Arachnoid matter:

between arachnoid matter and dura matter

A

subdural space

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38
Q

Arachnoid matter:

between arachnoid matter and Pia matter.

A

subarachnoid space

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39
Q

the subarachnoid space is filled with

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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40
Q

the innermost layer of meningeal layers

A

Pia matter

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41
Q

anchored to underlying neural tissue. Paired denticulate ligaments

A

Pia matter

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42
Q

paired denticulate ligaments extend from ____ matter to __________ matter

A

Pia, arachnoid

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43
Q

What horn:

somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

A

posterior gray horn

44
Q

What horn:

visceral motor nuclei

A

lateral gray horn

45
Q

What horn is only found in thoracic and lumbar segments?

A

lateral gray horn

46
Q

What horn:

somatic motor nuclei

A

anterior gray horn

47
Q

Organization of gray matter:

A
  1. Gray horns
  2. Nuclei
  3. Gray commissures
48
Q

Gray matter nuclei:

functional groups of neuron ______ _____ in gray matter of spinal cord

A

cell bodies

49
Q

Gray matter nuclei:

receive and relay sensory information

A

sensory nuclei

50
Q

Gray matter nuclei:

issue motor commands to effectors

A

motor nuclei

51
Q

Gray matter:

contain axons that cross from side to side in spinal cord. Located posterior and anterior to the central canal

A

gray commissures

52
Q

Organization of White Matter:

A
  1. Posterior white columns
  2. Lateral white columns
  3. anterior white columns
  4. tracts
53
Q

between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus

A

posterior white columns

54
Q

between anterior and posterior columns

A

lateral white columns

55
Q

between anterior gray horns

A

anterior white columns

56
Q

Tracts are found in the white columns containing bundles of ______ that relay information in the same direction

A

axons

57
Q

what tract:

carry sensory information to the brain. in posterior columns

A

ascending tracts

58
Q

what tract:

carry motor commands to the spinal cord. in anterior columns

A

descending tracts

59
Q

each spinal cord segment is connected to a pair of spinal ______

A

nerves

60
Q

what are the 3 connective tissue layers of spinal nerves?

A
  1. epineurium
  2. perineurium
  3. endometrium
61
Q

what connective tissue layer:

outer layer. dense network of collagen fibers

A

epineurium

62
Q

what connective tissue layer:

middle layer

A

perineurium

63
Q

the perineurium divides nerve into _______(axon bundles)

A

fascicles

64
Q

what connective tissue layer:

inner layer

A

endoneruium

65
Q

the endoneurium surround the individual _______.

A

axons

66
Q

Spinal nerve rami is both

A

motor and sensory nerves

67
Q

poster ramus: innervates muscles, joints, skin of the _______

A

back

68
Q

anterior ramus: innervates lateral and anterior _______; limbs

A

trunk

69
Q

Rami communicates are in spinal nerves ____- _____.

A

T1-L2

70
Q

rami communicates carry motor output of ________ division of the ANS

A

sympathetic

71
Q

bilateral region of the skin, monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves

A

dermatomes

72
Q

dermatome boundaries can _________.

A

overlap

73
Q

caused by the varicella- zoster virus

A

shingles

74
Q

Shingles attacks neurons within the _________ of spinal nerves and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

A

posterior root

75
Q

Shingles come with painful rash that follows the path of the

A

dermatome of the affected nerve

76
Q

A regional loss of sensory or motor function. Due to trauma or compression.

A

peripheral neuropathy

77
Q

A complex interwoven “network” of nerve fibers.

A

nerve plexus

78
Q

How do nerve plexus form?

A

they form from the blending of fibers of anterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves

79
Q

4 major plexuses of ventral rami:

A
  1. Cervial
  2. Brachical
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
80
Q

Plexuses of ventral rami:

muscles of neck and diaphragm

A

Cervical

81
Q

What major nerve runs through the cervical plexuses?

A

phrenic nerve

82
Q

what nerve:
cervical plexuses
provides entire nerve supply to the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

83
Q

Plexuses of ventral rami:

pectoral girdle and upper limb

A

brachial

84
Q

Plexuses of ventral rami:

lower trunk, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

A

lumbar and sacral

85
Q

what nerve tuns through the sacral plexuses

A

sciatic nerve

86
Q

what nerve:
sacral plexuses
largest/ longest nerve in the body

A

sciatic nerve

87
Q

Neural reflexes preserve _________ through rapid adjustments

A

homeostasis

88
Q

Neural reflexes are the basic building blocks of ______ ______.

A

neural function

89
Q

one neural reflex= ____ motor response

A

one

90
Q

Neural reflex steps: (5 steps)

A
  1. Stimulation of the receptor
  2. Activation of sensory neuron- enters spinal cord through posterior root
  3. information processing, signals sent to brain
  4. activation of motor neuron
  5. response of a peripheral; motor neurons release neurotransmitter at axon terminals
91
Q

The stretch reflex has the least amount of _______ between sensory input and motor output

A

delay

92
Q

In a stretch reflex the receptor is the

A

muscle spindle

93
Q

A example of the stretch reflex

A

patellar reflex

94
Q

Postural reflexes help maintain

A

posture

95
Q

An example of postural reflex

A

standing

96
Q

Withdrawl reflex moves body part away from

A

stimulus

97
Q

an example of withdrawal reflex

A

flexor reflex; pulls hand away from hot stove

98
Q

For a flexor reflex to work, we must have ________ _________.

A

reciprocal inhabitation

99
Q

Ipsilateral- occur on the ________ of the body as stimulus

A

same

100
Q

Contralateral- occult on the ________ of the body as stimulus

A

opposite side

101
Q

Cross extensor reflex will affect the _____ leg in order to recieve body weight and maintain balance

A

other

102
Q

reflex behaviors are autonomic but processing centers in the brain can _______ or _______ reflex motor patterns based in the spinal cord

A

facilitate or inhibit

103
Q

Faciliation is called

A

reinforcement

104
Q

stroking foot on lateral side of sole triggers extension of hallux and spreading of toes

A

Babinski reflex

105
Q

The babinksi reflex is normal in who

A

infants

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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