Chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
Length of Spinal Cord:
A
18 inches
2
Q
Spinal cord ends between what vertebrae?
A
L1 and L2
3
Q
How many cervical vertebrae?
A
8
4
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae?
A
12
5
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae?
A
5
6
Q
How many sacral vertebrae?
A
5
7
Q
How many coccygeal vertebrae?
A
1
8
Q
C1 runs _______ 1st cervical vertebra
A
above
9
Q
C8 runs _______7th cervical vertebrae
A
below
10
Q
All others are named for vertebrae _______
A
above
11
Q
Conus medullaris: cone shaped end of the spinal cord at _______
A
L1-L2
12
Q
cone-shaped end of the spinal cord at L1-L2
A
conus medullaris
13
Q
Thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris. Attaches to the coccygeal ligament
A
Filum terminale
14
Q
Nerve roots that extend below conus medullaris
A
Cauda equina
15
Q
Cauda equina is also called
A
“the horse tail”
16
Q
superficial; myelinated & unmyelinated axons
A
white matter
17
Q
deep; forms a H or butterfly shape. Mostly neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons.
A
gray matter
18
Q
The central canal contains what?
A
cerebrospinal fluid
19
Q
Shallow, longitude groove on posterior surface
A
posterior median sulcus
20
Q
Deep groove on anterior surface
A
Anterior median fissure
21
Q
What are the 2 branches if the spinal nerve roots?
A
- anterior (ventral) root
2. Posterior (dorsal) root
22
Q
What root contains axons of motor neurons?
A
anterior (ventral) roots
23
Q
What root contains axons of sensory neurons?
A
posterior (dorsal) roots
24
Q
Dorsal root ganglia- contain cell bodies of _________ neurons
A
sensory
25
Each dorsal and ventral root join to form a ________ _______.
spinal nerve
26
Spinal nerves are MIXED meaning they carry both ______ and ________ fibers.
afferent (sensory)
| efferent (motor)
27
afferent =
sensory
28
Functions of spinal meninges
1. physical stability
2. shock absorption
3. carrying blood supply
29
A viral or bacterial infection of meninges
Meningitis
30
What are the 3 meningitis layers?
1. Dura Matter
2. Arachnoid matter
3. Pia matter
31
the outermost layer of meningeal layers
dura matter
32
Cranially dura matter _______ with periosteum f occipital bone.
fuses
33
Dura matter:
| tapers to dense cord of collagen fibers. Joins the film terminale in coccygeal ligament
Caudally
34
Dura matter:
| between spinal dura matter and the walls of vertebral canal. Anesthetic injection site
Epidural Space
35
the middle layer of meningeal layers
Arachnoid matter
36
includes the arachnoid membrane: a layer of simple squamous epithelium that covers the arachnoid mater. . Subdural space, subarachnoid space.
Arachnoid matter
37
Arachnoid matter:
| between arachnoid matter and dura matter
subdural space
38
Arachnoid matter:
| between arachnoid matter and Pia matter.
subarachnoid space
39
the subarachnoid space is filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
40
the innermost layer of meningeal layers
Pia matter
41
anchored to underlying neural tissue. Paired denticulate ligaments
Pia matter
42
paired denticulate ligaments extend from ____ matter to __________ matter
Pia, arachnoid
43
What horn:
| somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
posterior gray horn
44
What horn:
| visceral motor nuclei
lateral gray horn
45
What horn is only found in thoracic and lumbar segments?
lateral gray horn
46
What horn:
| somatic motor nuclei
anterior gray horn
47
Organization of gray matter:
1. Gray horns
2. Nuclei
3. Gray commissures
48
Gray matter nuclei:
| functional groups of neuron ______ _____ in gray matter of spinal cord
cell bodies
49
Gray matter nuclei:
| receive and relay sensory information
sensory nuclei
50
Gray matter nuclei:
| issue motor commands to effectors
motor nuclei
51
Gray matter:
| contain axons that cross from side to side in spinal cord. Located posterior and anterior to the central canal
gray commissures
52
Organization of White Matter:
1. Posterior white columns
2. Lateral white columns
3. anterior white columns
4. tracts
53
between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus
posterior white columns
54
between anterior and posterior columns
lateral white columns
55
between anterior gray horns
anterior white columns
56
Tracts are found in the white columns containing bundles of ______ that relay information in the same direction
axons
57
what tract:
| carry sensory information to the brain. in posterior columns
ascending tracts
58
what tract:
| carry motor commands to the spinal cord. in anterior columns
descending tracts
59
each spinal cord segment is connected to a pair of spinal ______
nerves
60
what are the 3 connective tissue layers of spinal nerves?
1. epineurium
2. perineurium
3. endometrium
61
what connective tissue layer:
| outer layer. dense network of collagen fibers
epineurium
62
what connective tissue layer:
| middle layer
perineurium
63
the perineurium divides nerve into _______(axon bundles)
fascicles
64
what connective tissue layer:
| inner layer
endoneruium
65
the endoneurium surround the individual _______.
axons
66
Spinal nerve rami is both
motor and sensory nerves
67
poster ramus: innervates muscles, joints, skin of the _______
back
68
anterior ramus: innervates lateral and anterior _______; limbs
trunk
69
Rami communicates are in spinal nerves ____- _____.
T1-L2
70
rami communicates carry motor output of ________ division of the ANS
sympathetic
71
bilateral region of the skin, monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves
dermatomes
72
dermatome boundaries can _________.
overlap
73
caused by the varicella- zoster virus
shingles
74
Shingles attacks neurons within the _________ of spinal nerves and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
posterior root
75
Shingles come with painful rash that follows the path of the
dermatome of the affected nerve
76
A regional loss of sensory or motor function. Due to trauma or compression.
peripheral neuropathy
77
A complex interwoven "network" of nerve fibers.
nerve plexus
78
How do nerve plexus form?
they form from the blending of fibers of anterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves
79
4 major plexuses of ventral rami:
1. Cervial
2. Brachical
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
80
Plexuses of ventral rami:
| muscles of neck and diaphragm
Cervical
81
What major nerve runs through the cervical plexuses?
phrenic nerve
82
what nerve:
cervical plexuses
provides entire nerve supply to the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
83
Plexuses of ventral rami:
| pectoral girdle and upper limb
brachial
84
Plexuses of ventral rami:
| lower trunk, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
lumbar and sacral
85
what nerve tuns through the sacral plexuses
sciatic nerve
86
what nerve:
sacral plexuses
largest/ longest nerve in the body
sciatic nerve
87
Neural reflexes preserve _________ through rapid adjustments
homeostasis
88
Neural reflexes are the basic building blocks of ______ ______.
neural function
89
one neural reflex= ____ motor response
one
90
Neural reflex steps: (5 steps)
1. Stimulation of the receptor
2. Activation of sensory neuron- enters spinal cord through posterior root
3. information processing, signals sent to brain
4. activation of motor neuron
5. response of a peripheral; motor neurons release neurotransmitter at axon terminals
91
The stretch reflex has the least amount of _______ between sensory input and motor output
delay
92
In a stretch reflex the receptor is the
muscle spindle
93
A example of the stretch reflex
patellar reflex
94
Postural reflexes help maintain
posture
95
An example of postural reflex
standing
96
Withdrawl reflex moves body part away from
stimulus
97
an example of withdrawal reflex
flexor reflex; pulls hand away from hot stove
98
For a flexor reflex to work, we must have ________ _________.
reciprocal inhabitation
99
Ipsilateral- occur on the ________ of the body as stimulus
same
100
Contralateral- occult on the ________ of the body as stimulus
opposite side
101
Cross extensor reflex will affect the _____ leg in order to recieve body weight and maintain balance
other
102
reflex behaviors are autonomic but processing centers in the brain can _______ or _______ reflex motor patterns based in the spinal cord
facilitate or inhibit
103
Faciliation is called
reinforcement
104
stroking foot on lateral side of sole triggers extension of hallux and spreading of toes
Babinski reflex
105
The babinksi reflex is normal in who
infants
