Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sem 1 2MB3 > Fertilisation > Flashcards

Fertilisation Flashcards

1
Q

What type of reflex is ejaculation a part of

A

Parasympathetic Reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to arterioles and the smooth muscle and why does that happen

A

Arterioles Dilate
Smooth muscles relax
Due to release of nitric oxide
The penis is now engorged with blood and the expansion compresses veins making blood leave slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the reflex stimulated

A

Via sensory stimuli
Spinal reflex is initiated due to sympathetic discharge to the genital organs
Reproductive ducts will contract prismatically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What muscle induces contractions to propel semen?

A

Bulbocavernous Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does Viagra do ?

A
  • Viagra inhibits PDE5 which will decrease cGMP breakdown

- This causes a prolonged arteriolar dilation hence a prolonged erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What degrades cGMP

A

Phosphodiesterase 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What makes up the seminal fluid ( 2 )

A

Seminal plasma and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes up the seminal plasma ( 3 )

A 
Prostatic Fluid ( 30 % ) 
Epididymal Fluid ( 5 % )
Seminal Vesicle Fluid ( 65 % )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cells are part of the seminal fluid

A

Spermatozoa

Leucocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Volume of Sperm during ejaculation

A

2 - 6 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pH of the sperm

A

7.2 - 8.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • Count
  • Total Count
  • Morphology
  • Viability
  • WBC
A
  • > 20 mil
  • > 40 mil
  • > 30% normal form
  • > 75 %
  • < 1 mill / ml
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is used as a marker for seminal vesicle function

A

Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does prostaglandin help with in terms of sperm ?

A

Helps with sperm motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is used as a marker for epididymal function

A

Alpha - Glucosidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • What is the biomarker for prostate cancer

- What produces it ?

A
  • Prostatic Specific Antigen

- The epithelial cells of the prostate produces it

17
Q
  • What is the marker used for prostate function

- What is the marker used for prostatic function

A
  • Zinc

- Acid Phosphatase

18
Q

What glycoprotein is incorporated into the sperm membrane

A

CD52

19
Q

What are the prostatic secretions ( 6 )

A
  • Calcium
  • Zinc
  • Citric Acid ( which is usually v hi concentration but low when have prostate cancer )
  • Acid Phosphatase
  • Prostatic Specific Antigen
  • Albumin
20
Q

How does the sperm cell membrane change during capacitation

A

Alterations in Surface Glycoprotein
Removal of cholesterol to increase fluidity of membrane
Loss of glycoprotein which exposes Egg Binding Protein
Fluctuation of Calcium ( to activate cAMP then phosphorylate protein )

21
Q

How is the Egg Binding Protein Exposed

A
  • HCO3- influx into the sperm cell membrane
  • AMP is activated which leads to cholesterol efflux
  • Causes Ca2+ influx
  • Activates cAMP
  • Activation of protein tyrosine kinase
  • Leads to phosphorylation of protein
  • Exposure occurs
22
Q

How does Capacitation affect the sperm

A
  • Increase in metabolism
  • Increased rate of beating in flagellum
  • Acrosomal enzymes are activated ( Pro - Acrosome changes to acrosin )
23
Q

What increases uterine contractility to help in sperm transport ( 3 )

A
  • Ovarian Steroids ( hi oestrogen in follicular phase makes cervical mucus thin and alkaline )
  • Prostaglandins from the Seminal Fluid
  • Oxytocin
24
Q

Journey of sperm

A

1) 2.5 x 10^8 will be deposited in the vagina
2) Only 100,000 will reach uterine cavity
3) < 50 reaches the distal end of the fallopian tube
4) Fertilisation occurs at the ampullary isthmic junction resulting in a delay ( Day 1 - 2 )
5) Another delay at the Utero - tubal junction ( D2 - D3 )
6) Egg enters uterine cavity as morula ( D3 - D4 )
7) Implantation of Blastocyst at Day 7

25
Q

Where is the zona pellucida first detected

A

Primary Follicle

26
Q

What makes up the Zona Pellucida

A

Sulphated glycoproteins

27
Q

Why does cross fertilisation rarely occur?

A

Zona Pellucida has a Species Specific Barrier

28
Q

How many ZP glycoproteins are there and what do they do

A

3
- ZP3 : Mediates Sperm Specific Egg Binding
Sperm and carbohydrate receptor
- ZP2: Mediates Subsequent Sperm Binding
turns the sperm sideways
- ZP1 : Forms a cross link between ZP3 and ZP2

29
Q

Which ZP glycoprotein is not essential for fertilisation

A

ZP 1

30
Q

What sperm receptors are crucial in sperm - egg binding

A

Galtase ( no galtase, no binding )

31
Q

What egg receptors are crucial in sperm - egg binding

A

O - linked oligosaccharide residues of ZP3

32
Q

What reactions are initiated when the egg - sperm binds together ?

A

In the sperm - Acrosomal Reaction

In the egg - Cortical Reaction

33
Q

What is the Acrosomal Reaction

A

Sperm - Egg Binding leads to receptor clustering and exocytosis of acrosome to digest Zona Pellucida

1) Binding of Sperm and ZP activates IP3
2) Increases Ca in the acrosome membrane and flagellum
3) Digestive enzymes are activated

34
Q

Explain the Cortical Reaction

A
  • Carried out by cortical granules
  • Membrane bound granules that are formed beneath egg cell membrane
  • Released at fertilisation which helps digest zona pellucida
  • Also helps prevent polyspermy
35
Q

What causes a decreased effectiveness in blocking polyspermy

A
  • Heating of Ova
  • Age of Ova
  • Excessive Sperm Numbers
36
Q

What is a sperm pronucleus

A

When a haploid nucleus sperm enters eggs

37
Q

Embryonic Development Stages

A

Zygote → 2 cell stage → 4 cell stage → 8 cell stage → Morula → Blastula → Early gastrula → Late Gastrula

38
Q

How do you make uni parental embryos

A

-ARTIFICIAL STIMULATION
Using a Ca2+ ionophore and electrical activation
Microinjection of Ca2+ into cytoplasm
- INHIBITION OF MPF ( CYCLIN B )
-BLOCKADE OF SECOND POLAR BODY EXTRUSION
You get a parthenope, uni parental with 2 maternal genomes

Sem 1 2MB3 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions