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Eye Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three embryonic sources of the eye?

A

Neuroectoderm
Surface ectoderm
Mesoderm/Neural crest (Mesenchyme)

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2
Q

What is the true origin of the eye?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

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3
Q

What is the critical period for the eye?

A

Weeks 4-8

But defects can occur out to birth

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4
Q

What is the prosencephalon?
What can it divide into?

Which one does the eye come from?

A

Forebrain

Divides into telencephon and diencephalon

Eye comes from diencephalon

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5
Q

What is the optic sulcus?

A

Invagination of the eye that starts to come out from the brain

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6
Q

What is the optic vesicle?

It’s embryonic source of tissue?

A

Neuroectoderm

Grows out of optic sulcus and forms optic cup

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7
Q

What is the optic stalk?

A

Connects the optic cup to the brain

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8
Q

What is the optic fissure?

What runs in this space?

A

Groove extending along the length of the optic stalk

Vasculature run in this space - Hyaloid a. And v.

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9
Q

What does Coloboma result from?

A

Failure of the optic fissure to close

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10
Q

How does the optic cup develop?

A

Begins at week 4

Brain to optic sulcus, optic cup starts to grow out of it and is still connected to the Brian via the optic stalk

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11
Q

How many layers does the optic cup have?

What grows in between the layers?

A

Outer and inner layer

The space between the layers gives rise to the retina

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12
Q

How does the optic fissure form?

A

As the cup invaginates, the optic fissure forms

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13
Q

What is the embryological origin of the retina?

A

Neuroectoderm

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14
Q

What is the embryological origin of the iris?

A

Neuroectoderm

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15
Q

What is the embryological origin of the ciliary body?

A

Neuroectoderm

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16
Q

What are the layers of the retina? What is the retina technically?

A

Inner neural retina
Outer pigmented retina

Technically an extension of the brain

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17
Q

What will surround the retina?

A

Because it is an extension of the brain, the retina will have meningeal layers

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18
Q

What are the layers of the iris?

A

Epithelium
Stroma
SMC

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19
Q

What is the embryological origin of the iris epithelium?

A

Neuroepithelium

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20
Q

What is the embryological origin of the iris stroma?

A

Mesenchyme

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21
Q

What is the embryological origin of the SMC of the Iris? (Sphincter and dilator ms.)

A

Neural crest cell

***ONLY Ms. IN BODY COMING FROM NCC

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22
Q

What is the embryological origin of the epithelium of the ciliary body?

A

Neuroectoderm

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23
Q

What is the embryological origin of the ciliary body’s SMC?

A

Mesoderm (and NCC)

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24
Q

What is the embryological origin of the lens?

A

surface ectoderm

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25
Q

how are the lens induced?

A

When the optic cup touches the surface ectoderm it induces the lens placode to form
Cell-cell interaction

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26
Q

What is the embryological origin of the epithelium of the cornea?

A

Surface ectoderm

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27
Q

How does the lens placode develop?

A

As the optic cup and layers grow out, they are going to touch our surface ectoderm and when they do that, induction occurs and the lens placode forms

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28
Q

How does the lens vesicles form?

A

The lens placode invaginates and forms lens pit

Lens pit rounds up and forms lens vesicle which will migrate down into the space around the optic cup

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29
Q

What is the origin of the corneal stroma?

A

Mesenchyme

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30
Q

What is the sclera continuous with?
Which layer of the eye is the sclera found in?

What does the sclera form?

A

Dura mater of brain

Fibrous part of eye

Forms a stroma of cornea

31
Q

What is the origin of choroid?
What layer of the eye is it in?
What meningeal layers is it continuous with?
What does it produce?

A

Mesenchyme but a LOT of NCC

Inner layer

Pia and arachnoid

Vitreous humor and is incredibly vascular (supplies macula)

32
Q

What is the pupillary membrane?

A

Transient structure present 6-8 mos. en utero

Part of the sclera that covers the lens as it is developing that will later degenerate

33
Q

What does the ciliary body produce?

A

Aqueous humor

34
Q

What is in the anterior chamber?

A

Aqueous humor

35
Q

What is the aqueous humor resorbed by?

A

Scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm)

36
Q

What is the aqueous humor secreted by and where?

A

Secreted by ciliary epithelium

In the posterior chamber

37
Q

What is the function of the vitreous humor?

A

Helps nourish posterior aspect of eye

Primarily from the choroid

Jelly like

38
Q

What is the origin of the Hyaloid A. ?

What does it supply?

A

Ophthalmic a.

Inner layer of optic cup, lens vesicle, Mesenchyme in the optic cup

39
Q

What does the hyaloid a. Become?

Where does it run?

A

Central retinal a.

In the optic fissure

40
Q

When do the choroidal vessels develop and from what?

A

During the 15th week and on

From ciliary arteries seen in orbit

41
Q

What should happen to the hyaloid a.?

A

The distal parts should degenerate

42
Q

In most cases of persistence of hyaloid a., what has occurred?

A

The eye is microphthalmic

43
Q

What gives rise to the retina?

A

The optic cup

44
Q

What happens if the two layers of the retina don’t fuse?

Where is this seen?

A

Detachment of the retina Due to the separation of the pigmented and neural retinal layers

Seen in Downs, marfans and due to trauma

45
Q

What is the origin of the optic n.?

A

Neuroectoderm

46
Q

What are the two layers of neuroblasts ?

A

Rods and cones

Retinal ganglion cells

47
Q

What do the retinal ganglion cells form?

A

Optic nerve

48
Q

What is the fibrous layer of the optic nerve?

A

Axons forming optic n.

49
Q

What does the optic stalk do in relation to the optic nerve?

A

Optic stalk provides a pathway for those retinal ganglion cells to migrate back into the brain

50
Q

How is the optic n. Formed?

A

Optic stalk provides pathway for retinal ganglion cells to migrate back into brain and as retinal ganglion grow back thru the optic stalk, the hyaloid a. Becomes incorporated into it
Eventually becoming the central retinal a. Within the optic n.

51
Q

What covers the central retinal a.?

A

All three meningeal layers

52
Q

What is aniridia?

What does this result from?

What is this associated with?

What is the gene mutation?

A

Lack of iris tissue or complete absence of the iris

Arrested development of the rim of the optic cup

Glaucoma, cataracts, and other eye abnormalities

Pax6 gene mutation

53
Q

What is congenital cataracts?

What are the potential causes of it? when is it potentially vulnerable?

A

Lens become opaque and whitish

Causes:

  • Genetics
  • *rubella virus- lens vulnerable between Wks. 4-7
  • Radiation
  • enzyme deficiency - congential galactosemia
54
Q

What is congenital galactosemia?

What can it cause?

A

Enzyme deficiency appearing 2-3 weeks after birth

Galactose from milk accumulates in blood and tissue and can cause congenital glaucoma

55
Q

What is congenital glaucoma?

What does it result from?

What could cause this?

A

Elevated introcular pressure that causes the eye to be completely opaque

Abnormal development of the drainage mechanisms of aqueous humor

Mutation in CYP1B1
Rubella infection

56
Q

What is Papilledema?

A

Increased intracranial pressure that slows the venous return from the retina (from a tumor, edema, etc.) And causes fluid accumulation of the optic discs

57
Q

Why does edema occur in papilledema?

A

Edema occurs bc retinal vessels are covered by meninges and lie in the extension of the subarachnoid space

58
Q

What is Coloboma a result of?

What are the causes of it?

What can be damaged?

A

Results when the optic fissure fails to close completely leaving a gap in the eye structures

Environmental factors or autosomal dominant characteristics can cause this

The retina can be damaged from too much light being let in

59
Q

What is the origin of the:

Pigmented layer of the retina?

A

Neural ectoderm (optic cup)

60
Q

What is the origin of the:

Nervous layer of the retina?

A

Neural ectoderm (optic cup)

61
Q

What is the origin of the:

Lens?

A

Surface ectoderm

62
Q

What is the origin of the:

Sclera?

A

Mesenchyme

Continuous with dura

63
Q

What is the origin of the:

Corneal stroma?

A

Mesenchyme

64
Q

What is the origin of the:

Corneal epithelium ?

A

Surface ectoderm

65
Q

What is the origin of the:

Choroid?

66
Q

What is the origin of the:

Iris- smooth muscle?

A

Neural ectoderm (optic cup)

67
Q

What is the origin of the:

Iris stroma?

A

Mesenchyme

68
Q

What is the origin of the:

Ciliary body epithelium?

A

Neural ectoderm (optic cup)

69
Q

What is the origin of the:

Ciliary body’s stroma and ciliary Ms. ?

70
Q

What is the origin of the:

Sphincter Ms.?

A

Neural crest cells

71
Q

What can the rubella virus cause in the eye?

A

Cataract
Microphthalmia
Glaucoma
Pigmented retinopathy

72
Q

What can taxoplasma gondii cause in the ey?

A

Microphthalmia

73
Q

What can the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus cause in the eye?

A

Microphthalmia

74
Q

What can the varicella virus cause in the eye?

A

Cataracts
Microphthalmia
Optic atrophy

Neuro (18 decks)

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