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Neuro > Development Of Orofacial Structures > Flashcards

Development Of Orofacial Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What drives the shape and rate of growth of the head?

A

Brain development

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2
Q

What are the 5 facial primordia?

A

2 maxillary prominences
2 mandibular Prominences
1 frontonasal Prominences

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3
Q

When does the facial primordia develop?

A

Week 4

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4
Q

What does the facial primordia surround?

A

Stomodeum (primitive oral cavity)

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5
Q

How are the facial primordia separated from the primordial pharynx?
When did it rupture?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

Ruptured day 26

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6
Q

What is the first part of the face to form and how?

A

Mandibular prominence (lower jaw and lip)

Oropharyngeal membrane will disintegrate
—> medial ends of mandibular prominence merge

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7
Q

What causes a chin dimple?

A

Incomplete fusion of the medial ends of the mandibular prominence

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8
Q

What signaling molecule is response for development of both mandibular processes?

A

BMP

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9
Q

What does the maxillary prominence make?

A

Upper lip, maxilla, secondary palate

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10
Q

How does the maxillary prominence grow?

A

Grows medial and merges laterallywith mandibular prominences

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11
Q

What are the primordial lips and cheeks invaded by?

What does this give rise to?

A

Invaded by Mesenchyme from PA 2

Gives rise to facial muscles

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12
Q

What are the derivatives of the frontal nasal prominence?

A 
Forehead 
Rostral border of stomodeum and nose 
Dorsum/apex of nose
Nasal placodes
Medial and lateral nasal prominences
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13
Q

How are the nasal placodes formed?

What does proliferation of these lead to?

A

By bilateral oval thickening of surface ectoderm

Horse-shoe shaped elevations called medial and lateral nasal prominences (eventually form nasal pits)

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14
Q

What are the derivatives of the lateral nasal prominence?

A

Alae of nose

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15
Q

What are the derivatives of the medial nasal prominence?

A

Nasal septum
Ethmoid bone
Cribriform plate

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16
Q

What do the horse shoe shaped elevations from the proliferation of the nasal placodes form?

A

Nasal pits

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17
Q

What are nasal pits?

A

Primordial nares (nostrils)

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18
Q

How does the medial nasal prominence grow and what does it fuse with?

A

Shifted toward the midline bc of the medial growth of maxillary prominences

Regulated by PDGFRA
Fuses and forms intermaxillary segment (philtrum)

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19
Q

With what and when do the lateral nasal prominences fuse?

A

Merges with maxillary prominences by end of weak 6

Separated by these prominence by nasolacrimal ducts

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20
Q

When will the face have its characteristic form?

A

By 14 weeks (3 1/2 months)

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21
Q

What does the small appearance of the face prenatally result from?

A

Rudimentary upper and lower jaws
Unreported deciduous teeth
Small nasal cavities
Maxillary sinuses

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22
Q

What depresses and forms nasal pits?

A

Nasal placodes

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23
Q

What induces nasal pits to become deeper?

What does this form?

A

Mesenchyme from medial and lateral nasal prominences

Primordial nasal sacs

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24
Q

How do primordial nasal sacs grow?

A

Dorsal and ventrally to the forebrain

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25
Q

What separates the primordial nasal sacs? When does this rupture?

A

Oronasal membrane

At end of wk. 6

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26
Q

What is the primordial choanae?

A

Connection b/w nasopharynx and nasal cavity

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27
Q

What are the nasal conchae?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior turbinate

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28
Q

What can the conchae become inflamed with?

A

Rhinitis

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29
Q

What does the olfactory epithelium specialize into?

A

Olfactory n.

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30
Q

What is an early indicator of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Loss of smell prior to onset of symptoms

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31
Q

How does the nasal septum develop?

A

Originates from medial nasal prominence

Downward growth of internal parts of merged medial a nasal prominences, fused with lateral palatine process
(Anterior to posterior)

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32
Q

When does Palatogenesis occur? When is the critical period for it?

A

2 stages be/w weeks 6-12

Critical period: end of wk. 6 - wk. 9

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33
Q

What does the primary palate make?

How?

A

Hard palate

Fusion of medial nasal prominences form median palatine process

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34
Q

Where is the median palatine process

A

B/w maxillary prominences

Forms premaxillary part of maxilla

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35
Q

What does the secondary palate make? How?

A

All of soft, most of hard palate

Bone extends from maxilla and palatine bones to make lateral palatine process (wk. 6)
Eventually these will grow medially and fuse

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36
Q

What are the lateral palatine process?

What else are they known as?

A

Mesenchymal projection extending from internal aspects of maxillary prominences

Palatal shelves

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37
Q

How is the final palate made?

What indicates the line of fusion between the primary and secondary palates?

A

Fuses with nasal septum ~ wk 9

Posterior portions do not ossify - making the soft palate and uvula
Anterior portions ossify - hard palate

Palatine raphe

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38
Q

What is the incisive fossa?

A

Remnant of the nasopalatine canal

Border b/w primary and secondary palate

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39
Q

What serves as the border b/w the hard and soft palate?

A

Incisive fossa

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40
Q

What is the most common craniofacial malformation?

A

Cleft lipand palate

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41
Q

How are cleft lips caused?

What is the most common cleft lift seen?

A

Defects in fusion

Unilateral Left cleft lip

42
Q

What are the risk factors for cleft lip and palate?

A

Genetics (SATB2, SHH, TGF-Alpha, TGF-Beta-3, IRF6

Environmental (antiepileptic drugs, smoking, binge drinking, folate deficiency, obesity)

43
Q

What does a median cleft lip result from?

A

Failure of the median nasal prominences to fuse and form intermaxillary segments

44
Q

What does an unilateral cleft lip result from?

A

Failure of the maxillary prominence to merge with the medial nasal prominence on the affected side

45
Q

What does a bilateral cleft lip result from?

A

Failure of maxillary prominences to meet and unite with the medial nasal prominences on both sides

46
Q

What does an oblique facial cleft result from?

A

Failure of the maxillary prominence to fuse with lateral nasal prominences

47
Q

What does a cleft palate result in?

A

Failure lateral palatal shelves to fuse and form secondary palate

Leaves the nasal and oral cavities still connected

Results in nursing problems for newborns

Can be incomplete, unilateral complete, or bilateral complete

48
Q

What are neurocranium and viscerocranium both derived from?

A

Mesenchyme

49
Q

What bony derivatives does the neurocranium give rise to?

A

Bones that enclose brain

50
Q

What bony derivatives does the Viscerocranium give rise to?

A

Bones comprising the facial skeleton

51
Q

What kind of ossification does cartilaginous neurocranium use?

What does it give rise to?

A

Via endochondral ossification, several cartilage fuse and form base of cranium

Occipital bone —> sphenoid body —> ethmoid bone

Also temporal bone (petrous and mastoid parts)

52
Q

What kind of ossification does membranous neurocranium use?

What does it give rise to?

A

Intramembranous ossification

Forms calvaria (frontal and parietal bones - connected via sutures)

53
Q

What kind of ossification does cartilaginous viscerocranium use?

What does it give rise to?

A

NCC to form bones and CT

Pa 1-4 derivatives 
Pa 1: malleus, incus, maxilla 
Pa2: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid
PA3: greater horn of hyoid
Pa 4: laryngeal cartilage
54
Q

What kind of ossification does membranous viscerocranium use?

What does it give rise to?

A

Intramembranous ossification w/ maxillary prominence

Zygomatic bone
Squamous part of temporal bone
Maxillary prominence

55
Q

What causes the squamous part of the temporal bone to become neurocranium and not viscero?

A

TMJ development

56
Q

What causes craniosynostosis?
What types are there?
Which one is most common?

A

Premature fusion of cranial sutures

Scaphocephaly - most common
Brachycephaly
Plagiocephaly
Trigonocephaly

57
Q

What is scaphocephaly?

A

Premature fusion of Sagittal Suture

Results in long narrow wedge shaped cranium

58
Q

What is Brachycephaly?

A

Premature fusion of coronal suture

Results in high, tower like cranium

59
Q

What is plagiocephaly?

A

Premature fusion of one side of coronal suture

Results in head being twisted and asymmetric

60
Q

What is trigonocephaly?

A

Premature fusion of frontal (metopic) suture

Result in pointy head

61
Q

What is Choanal Atresia?

What does is present as?

A

Bony abnormalities of the pterygoid plates and midfacial growth abnormalities

Presents as:
Upper airway obstruction
Noisy breathing
Cyanosis that worsens during feeding and improves with crying

62
Q

What other syndromes can Choanal Atresia be a part of?

A

Treacher Collins
CHARGE
Kallman
VACTERL

63
Q

What is the boundary between the ectoderm and endoderm within the oral cavity?
When does this break down?

A

Oropharyngeal arch

Day 26

64
Q

What are the ectodermal derivatives within the mouth?

A

Lining of the mouth

Tooth enamel

65
Q

What are the endodermal derivatives within the mouth?

A

…..

66
Q

What comprises the oral part of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3s of the tongue

67
Q

How does the oral part of the tongue form?

What induces this?

A

Wk 4, median lingual swelling appear with two lateral tongue swellings developing on either side

Induced by Mesenchyme from PA 1

68
Q

What makes up the pahryngeal part of the tongue?

A

Copula

Hypopharyngeal eminence

69
Q

What forms the copula? What eventually happens to it?

A

Ventromedial parts of PA 2

Hypopharyngeal eminence overgrows copula

70
Q

What form the hypopharyngeal eminence?

A

Ventromedial parts of PA 3 and 4

71
Q

What indicates the fusion of the oral and pharyngeal parts of the tongue?

A

Terminal sulcus

72
Q

What is the musculature of the tongued derived from?

What are they innervated by?

A

Myoblasts of occipital myotomes

Innervated by CN 12

73
Q

What is Glossoschissis?

A

Bifed tongue

74
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

What can this present with?

A

Short frenulum

Present w/ problems breastfeeding and speaking

75
Q

What is macroglossia associated with?

A

Beckwith- Weidemann

Down Syndrome

Mucopolysaccharidoses

76
Q

What provides sensation to the pharynx?

A

CN 10

77
Q

What innervates palatoglossus m.?

A

CN 10 (pharyngeal branch)

78
Q

What is odontogenesis induced by?

A

Induced by communication between NCC and oral epithelium

79
Q

how many tooth ups do we have and where are they located?

A

10

Located in anteiror mandible, anterior maxilla, posteiror maxilla

80
Q

What is the cap stage?

A

When the tooth bud becomes cap shapes by the investment of Mesenchyme

81
Q

What constitutes a tooth bud?

A

Enamel organ
Dental papilla
Dental follicle/sac

82
Q

What is the enamel organ of a tooth bud?
What is the outer cell layer lined with?
What does the inner cell layer line?

A

Ectodermal cells from dental lamina

Outer cell layer line with outer enamel epithelium

Inner cell layer lines papilla and is lined by inner enamel epithelium

83
Q

What are ameloblasts?

A

Inner enamel epithelium that differentiates in response to dentin production and makes enamel

84
Q

What is the dental papilla of a tooth bud?

A

Internal part of tooth containing dentin and pulp

85
Q

What is the dental follicle/sac of the tooth bud?

A

Mesenchyme that surround dental papilla and enamel organ with cementum

86
Q

What is the dental lamina?

A

U shaped bands of oral epithelium that follow the curves of the primitive jaws

87
Q

What are the stages in odontogenesis?

A 
Cap stage
Bell stage
Root development
Eruption
Permanent tooth development
88
Q

What happens during the bell stage of odontogenesis?

A
  1. Odontoblasts produce root denting
  2. Ameloblasts produce enamel in response to odontoblasts
  3. Enamel organ becomes bell shaped due to differentiation of enamel
89
Q

What are odontoblasts?

A

Cells from dental papilla cells next to the inner enamel epithelium that produces root dentin

(Predentin calcifies to become dentin)

90
Q

What occurs during the root development stage of odontogenesis?

A

Epithelial root sheath forms, pulp forms, cementum forms and periodontal l. Forms

91
Q

How does the epithelial root sheath form?

A

Fusion of the inner and outer enamel epithelium with root dentin being produced by odontoblasts

92
Q

Where is pulp located?

A

In the central dental papilla

93
Q

What is cementum and what produces it?

A

Inner cells of dental sac

From cementoblasts

94
Q

What is the periodontal L.?

A

Outer cells of dental sac

95
Q

What occurs during the eruption stage of odontogenesis?

A

Root and crown erupt thru oral epithelium With the mandibular teeth erupting first

Deciduous roots are resorbed by odontoclasts and crown and upper root are ahead

96
Q

How many permanent teeth do we have?

A

32

97
Q

When do deciduous permanent teeth appear?

A

~10 week

98
Q

What are deciduous permanent teeth?

A

Extension of dental lamina

99
Q

How do non deciduous molars develop?

A

As buds from posterior extensions of dental laminae

100
Q

What is the Stellate reticulum?

A

A tissue layer lying between stratum intermedium and the outer enamel epithelium

Part of enamel organ

Consists of star shaped cells which protect the underlying dental tissues and maintain the shape of the tooth

101
Q

What is the Stellate Intermedium?

A

Cell layer between the inner dental epithelium and Stellate reticulum

Has high alkaline phosphate season activity

Assist ameloblasts in forming enamel

Neuro (18 decks)

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