Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Eye And Eye Movements > Flashcards

Eye And Eye Movements Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the orbit?

A

Roof:
Frontal bone
lesser wing of sphenoid

Lateral wall:
Zygomatic process of frontal
Frontal process of zygomatic
Greater wing of sphenoid

Medial wall:
Orbital plate of ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bones
Frontal process of maxilla

Floor:
Perpendicular plate of palatine bone
Orbital surface of maxilla
Zygomatic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What foramina can you find in the orbit?

A

Superior orbital fissure

Inferior orbital fissure

Optic canal of sphenoid bone

Lacrimal foramina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What passes thru the SOF?

A

CN 3,4, V1, 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what passes thru the inferior orbital fissure?

A

Maxillary N. (V2) as it goes to infraorbital and zygomatic n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What passes thru the optic canal of the sphenoid bone?

A

CN 2

Ophthalmic a.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the strongest wall of the orbit?

A

Lateral wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the weakest wall of the orbit?

A

Medial and inferior wall

Thin orbital floor with maxilla and thin medial wall with ethmoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are the medial walls of the orbit positioned to each other?

A

Parallel to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are the lateral walls of the orbit positioned to each other?

A

At right angle to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the orientation of the orbits allow for?

A

Axes of orbit to diverge at 45 degrees

Optical axes to be parallel and straight ahead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the frontal sinus compared to the orbit?

A

Superior and medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the ethmoid sinus compared to the orbit?

A

Between orbits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can a chronic infection in the ethmoid sinus cause?

A

Can erode into orbits and cause OPTIC NEURITIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the maxillary sinus compared to the orbit?

A

Below orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What closes the eye? Muscle and nerve

A

Orbicularis oculi m.

Facial n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What opens the eye? Muscle and nerve?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris m.

Oculomotor n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What gently closes the eye?

What tightly closes the ey?

A

Gently: palpebral part

Tightly: orbital part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What innervates the ciliary Ms.?

A

Parasympathetically innervated by CN 3

(Edinger westphal nucleus —> CN 3 —> CN V1 (short ciliary n.))

To sphincter pupillae

(Dilator = sympathetics bc fight or flight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What innervates the Tarsal Ms.

A

Sympathetically innervated

From superior cervical to jump on internal carotid plexus to Long Ciliary N. To Tarsal Ms.

To Dilator pupillae Ms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What muscle helps levator palpebrae superioris raise the upper eyelid?

A

Superior tarsal M.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What comprises the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Above and lateral to the eye, behind Tensor Levator palpebrae superioris M.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do lacrimal canaliculi do?

A

Wick the tears in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the lacrimal sac drain to?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct drain to?

A

Inferior nasal meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the lacrimal gland innervated by?

A

CN 7–greater petrosal n.

Greater petrosal + deep = N. To pterygoid canal (vidian n.)

—> pterygopalatine ganglion
—> with V2 zygomatic branch and V1 lacrimal n.
—> lacrimal gland, nasal glands, palatine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Wher does the tendon of orbicularis oculi insert?

A

Onto lateral part of lacrimal sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What nerves are part of the corneal reflex?

A

V1 and CN 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What muscle is part of the corneal reflex?

A

Orbicularis Oculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens when you flex orbicularis oculi by blinking?

A

Blink —> flex muscle —> open lacrimal sac —> draws tears down and into nasolacrimal duct —> inferior nasal meatus

(Why you get sniffly when you cry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the ciliary body? What is it composed of? What innervates it?

A

Circumferential tissue inside the ey

Composed of ciliary m. And ciliary processes

CN 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Function of

Ciliary processes?

A

Secrete aqueous humor which fills the anterior and posterior chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is the anterior chamber?

What is it filled with?

A

Space between cornea and iris/pupil

Filled with aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is the posterior chamber of the eye?

What is it filled with?

A

Space between iris/pupil and lens/ciliary body

Filled with vitreous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does aqueous humor flow?

A

Secreted by ciliary process—> posterior chamber —> anterior chamber —> Scleral venous sinus (schlemm’s canal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happen if Schlemm’s canal is blocked?

A

Leads to increased pressure and a glaucoma

Eventually lead to blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is Hyphema?

Presents with?

A

pooling or collection of blood inside anterior chamber of eye

Can block vision partially or completely

Painful, could cause permanent damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What goes thru the tendinous ring made by Rectus Ms.?

A

CN 3, CN V1- nasociliary, CN 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What goes thru the superior orbital fissure but not ring?

A

CN 4, CN V1-lacrimal and frontal n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Adduction and abduction of the eye moves it about what axis?

A

Vertical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Elevation and depression of the eye moves it about what axis?

A

Horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Intorsion and extorsion of the eye moves it about what axis?

A

AP axis (visual axis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where do your extraocular Ms. come from embryologically?

A

Prechordal plate mesoderm

44
Q

What are the extraocular Ms.?

A 
Levator palpebrae superioris 
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus
45
Q

What is the eye movement done by

Superior oblique?

A

Down and out

46
Q

What is the eye movement done by

Inferior oblique?

A

Up and out

47
Q

What is the eye movement done by

Superior rectus?

A

Up and in

48
Q

What is the eye movement done by

Inferior rectus?

A

Down and in

49
Q

What is the eye movement done by

Lateral rectus?

A

Out

50
Q

What is the eye movement done by

Medial rectus?

A

In

51
Q

What is the eye movement done by

Levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Elevates superior eyelid

52
Q

understand the H test

A

Have patient draw an H with their eye,

Muscles are opposite of their normal movements

(I.e. Superior oblique does down and out but you put eye in first to test down)

53
Q

When are msucles trapped from performing their function?

A

When the visual gaze axis s perpendicular to the muscle fiber direction

54
Q

What is trochlear palsy?

A

Paralysis of SO

Head tilts AWAY from affected side

Diplopia w/ downward gaze

55
Q

What is abducens Palsy?

A

Paralysis of Lateral rectus

Unable to look laterally with affected eye

56
Q

What is oculomotor palsy?

A

Eye will be down and out

Have complete ptosis

And dilated pupil

57
Q

Why will a lesion to CN 3 cause dilation of pupil?

A

Bc constriction is done via CN 3 and short ciliary n.

So without CN 3, sympathetics take over and just dilate eye

58
Q

What is Horner syndrome?

Presents with?

A

Lack of sympathetic innervation to one side of face

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhydrosis
Vasodilation

59
Q

How does the Direct pupillary light reflex work?

A

Light SENSED by CN 2
Synapse in pretectal nucleus
Synapse in edinger westphal nucleus (CN3)
Pre-ganglion paras. Neuron travel w/ CN 3
Synapse in ciliary ganglion
Post-ganglion paras. Neuron synapse in
Pupillary constrictor m.

*big take away: CN 2 = sensory; CN 3 = motor; 4 neuron arch

60
Q

Why do we get a consensual pupillary light reflex?

A

Due to crossing golf fibers at the optic chiasm

61
Q

What is the corneal reflex?

A 
Receptors in corneal detect touch 
Travel in CN V1 
Synapse in trigeminal nucleus
To facial nucleus
CN 7 causes eye to blink

**big take away: Sensory: CN V1; Motor: CN 7

62
Q

What is accommodation?

How does it occur?

A

Change in optical power to focus on near objects

Ciliary M. Changes shape of lens

63
Q

What are the three things that should occur during accomodation?

A
  1. Convergence of both eyes (eyes move medially)
  2. Accomodation (change in lens shape in order to maintain focal point on retina)
  3. Miosis (pupil constricts to bock divergent light rays from near object)
64
Q

What are the major branches of the ophthalmic a. ?

A 
Supratrochlear a. 
Supraorbital a. 
Ethmoidal As.
Lacrimal A. 
Central Retinal A.
65
Q

What are the anastomotic connections of the ophthalmic a.?

A

Supraorbital —Superifical temporal

Supratrochlear — angular a.

Ethmoidal a. — sphenopalatine a.

Lacrimal a. — middle meningeal a.

66
Q

What is the chief blood supply to the retina?

A

Central Retinal A.

67
Q

What is Central Retinal A. Occlusion?

From what?

Presents with?

A

Blocked central retinal a.

From atherosclerosis, embolism

Presents as pale and red spot, retina will be white, macula cherry red spot

68
Q

What is in the optic nerve?

A

Central retinal a. And v.

69
Q

What surrounds the optic n.?

A

Pial sheath
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid sheath
Dural sheath

70
Q

What veins can go back to the cavernous sinus?

A

Superior Ophthalmic V.
Inferior Ophthalmic V.
Angular V.

71
Q

What veins go to the pterygoid venous plexus?

A

Infraorbital v.
Angular v.
Facial v.

72
Q

What causes Central retinal v. Occlusion?

Presents with?

A

Causes: Hardening of the CRA compressing CRV, hemorrhages, dilated veins

Presents as “ketchup splatter”

73
Q

What is medial to the cavernous sinus?

A

Sphenoid sinus

74
Q

What does the cavernous sinus drain into?

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinus

75
Q

What does the ciliary body connect the iris to?

A

To the choroid

76
Q

What does the ciliary muscle do?

A

Alters the curvature of the lens

77
Q

What are the radial ciliary processes?

A

Lens are suspended by ligaments from here

78
Q

What is the ciliary ring?

A

Adjoins the choroid

79
Q

What is the iris?

Function?

What 2 muscle groups make it up?

A

Contractile structure mainly made of smooth muscle

Controls the size of the pupil

Sphincter pupillae
Dilator pupillae

80
Q

What does contraction of the dilator pupillae cause? How is this done?

A

Increased pupil size

Via sympathetics

81
Q

What does contraction of sphincter pupillae cause?

How is this done?

A

Decreases pupil size

Via parasympathetics

82
Q

What is partial ptosis caused by?

A

Paralysis of superior tarsal muscle

Lack of sympathetic stimulation

(Seen in Horner’s syndrome)

83
Q

What is complete ptosis?

A

Paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris

Lesion of CN 3

84
Q

How does a Blow out fracture of the orbit occur?
What structures are involved?
How does this manifest clinically?

A

Caused by indirect trauma (punch or baseball to eye)

Medial and inferior parts of orbit - maxillary bone and maxillary sinus

Diplopia, globe ptosis, exophthalmos
Orbital contents could prolapse and become entrapped in maxillary sinus

85
Q

How is a Le Forte 1 fracture described?

A

Floating palate

86
Q

How is a Le Forte 2 fracture described?

A

Floating maxilla (pyramidal)

87
Q

How is a Le Forte III fracture described?

A

Floating face (transverse)

88
Q

What is cause and appearance of Papilledema?

A

Increased intracranial pressure in subarachnoid space

^Makes this an EMERGENT thing to find cause of increased ICP

Bulging optic disc

89
Q

What could cause increased intracranial pressure in subarachnoid space?

A

Hydrocephalus, tumor, leaky CSF

90
Q

What is the macula?

A

Center of vision

91
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Area of the macula most concentrated by cones

92
Q

What kind of receptors does the optic disc have?

A

Has NO receptors

93
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Inner

94
Q

What is in the fibrous layer of the eye?

A

Sclera

Cornea

95
Q

What is the in vascular layer of the eye?

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

96
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Primarily concerned w/ providing nourishment to cones and rods of retina

97
Q

What is function of ciliary body?

A

Producer of aqueous humor and adjuster of lens

98
Q

What happens when the ciliary body is parasympathetically innervated?

A

Reduces tension on lens

Thickens for near vision

99
Q

What happens when there is a lack of stimulation to the ciliary body?

A

Relaxes ciliary body
Stretches lens
Thinner for far vision

100
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Protector of the retina

101
Q

What is in the inner layer of the eye?

A

Retina

102
Q

What is the two parts of the conjunctiva of the eye?

A

Palpebral
Bulbar

Conjunctiva - clear thin membrane covering anterior portion of sclera and inner eyelids

103
Q

What is palpebral conjunctiva?

A

Lines inside of eyelid

104
Q

What is the bulbar conjunctiva?

A

Lines outermost part of the eyeball, covers anterior part of the sclera

105
Q

Where does the conjunctiva come together at?

A

Superior and inferior conjunctival fornix

106
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

Bacterial vs. viral?

A

Infection of conjunctiva of eye

Bacterial - oozy and pus forming
Viral - red and hurting

107
Q

What is a subconjunctival hemorrhage?

What can cause this?

A

Bleed and rupture of a blood vessel that is between sclera and bulbar conjunctiva

Increase abdominal pressure
Really hard cough or sneeze
Throwing up
Pooping

Neuro (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions