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neuro > Autonomic Physiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is information from afferent/sensory neurons processed for the autonomic reflex arc?

A

In brain, hypothalamus

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2
Q

How is sensory info relayed form periphery to the CNS?

A

Afferent neuron

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3
Q

where is neuronal circuit for many motor reflexes found?

A

Within the spinal cord

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4
Q

What nerve and what kind usually, relays signal to the skeletal muscle?

A

Efferent neuron (usually an alpha motor neuron)

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5
Q

In autonomic all reflexes, processing of the inputs occurs where?

A

In the CNS , especially the hypothalamus

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6
Q

What does takes the place of the alpha-motor neuron when stimulating viscera?

A

ANS

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7
Q

For the ANS, where does each neuron begin and terminate?

A

Presynaptic: begins in cell body in CNS, ends in peripheral ganglion

Postsynaptic: begins in ganglion; terminates in an end organ

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8
Q

WHat are varicosities?

A

In the 2nd synapse of ANS

Contains allot he components of the presynaptic terminal and works the same as an NMJ presynaptic terminal

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9
Q

The postsynaptic terminal of the ANS is special how compared to the NMJ?

A

Ligand gated receptors are more spread out compared to the NMJ

Scattered in order to catch all of neurotransmitter

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10
Q

In Parasympathetic:

What is the neurotransmitter released at synapse 1?

A

Acetylcholine

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11
Q

In sympathetics:

What is the neurotransmitter released at synapse 1?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

In Parasympathetic:

What is the receptor on post-ganglionic cell?

A

Nicotinic cholinergic Rs.

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13
Q

In sympathetics:

What is the receptor on post-ganglionic cell?

A

Nicotinic cholinergic rs.

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14
Q

In Parasympathetic:

What is the neurotransmitter released on target tissue?

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

In Sympathetics:

What is the neurotransmitter released on target tissue?

A

Norepinephrine

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16
Q

In Parasympathetics:

What is the receptor on target tissue cells?

A

Muscarinic cholinergic r.

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17
Q

In Sympathetics:

What is the receptor on target tissue cells?

A

Adrenergic Rs. (Alpha and beta)

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Muscarinic Rs.?

A

ACh binds and activates
Muscarinic can also activate

Part of metabotropic (serpentine) super family of receptors
Uses a second messenger system
5 subtypes

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19
Q

What will M1R do?

A

Increase secretions of salivary gland and acid secreting cells of stomach

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20
Q

What will M3R do?

A

Contract Smooth muscle cells

Stimulate exocrine glands, sweat glands

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of adrenergic receptors?

A

Member of serpentine superfamily, uses second messenger system, 2 major classes (alpha adn beta)

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22
Q

What G system are each adrenergic receptor assoc. with?

A 
Alpha 1: Gq
Alpha 2: Gi
Beta 1: Gs
Beta 2: Gs
Beta 3: Gs

QISSS (kiss)

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23
Q

What is the rule of thumb for adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha adrenergic = constrict

Beta adrenergic = relax

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24
Q

What will alpha 1 do to blood vessels?

A

Contract and increase BP

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25
Q

What will alpha 2 do to blood vessels?

A

Dilate

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26
Q

What does beta-2 do to eye muscle?

A

Relaxes ciliary muscle

Thus flattening lens, allowing you to see at a distance

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27
Q

Where is beta -3 located?

A

White and brown adipose tissue

Allows for lipolysis

28
Q

What receptor will dilate (symph.) the iris of the eye?

Constrict? (Paras.)

A

Alpha 1

M3R

29
Q

What receptor will relax the ciliary muscle of the eye ( symph. ) ?

Contract it (paras.)?

A

B2

M3R

30
Q

What receptor reduces secretion to salivary glands (symph.)?

What receptor increases watery secretion (paras.)?

A

Beta 1

M1R

31
Q

What will increase secretion of lacrimal glands ( paras.) ?

A

M3R

32
Q

What will increase the rate of Heart via the SA node (symph.)?

Decrease rate (paras.)?

A

Beta -1

M2R

33
Q

What increases the strength of contraction via the heart muscle (symp.)?

A

Beta-1

34
Q

What constricts blood vessels (sympathetics)?

What dilates (sympathetics)?

A

Alpha 1 (constrict to places we dont need blood for a flight or fight response, like GI tract)

Alpha 2 (dilate to places we want blood)

35
Q

What dilates bronchi (sympathetics)?

What constricts bronchi (paras.)?

A

Beta-2

M3R

36
Q

What decreases GI secretion (symph)?

What increases GI secretion(paras.)?

A

Alpha 1 (also constricts blood vessels, makes sense)

M1R

37
Q

What increases GI Sphincter (sympathetics)?

What decreases (paras.)?

A

Alpha 2

M3R

38
Q

What increases sweat glands (sympathetics)?

A

M3R

39
Q

What increases glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis of the liver (Sympathetics)?

A

Alpha-1, beta-2

40
Q

What increases lipolysis of adipose tissue(sympathetics)?

A

Alpha 1, beta 1, beta 3

41
Q

What contains chromaffin cells and what do they do?

A

Adrenal medulla

Make and release epinephrine as part of sympathetic response

42
Q

Adrenal medulla in Sympathetic response:

Where will pre-ganglionic axons synapse?

A

Leave spinal cord and pass thru ganglion without synapsing

Instead synapse on chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

43
Q

Adrenal medulla in Sympathetic response:

What do Preganglionic Axons release and where will it bind? What does this activate?

A

Acetylcholine

Bind nicotinic receptors on adrenal cells

Activates muscarinic receptors that will release epinephrine into blood

44
Q

What is the “rest and digest” response?

A

Parasympathetics

Have plenty of O2
Heart beats slow
BP is low
Digesting food
Fuel is from GI tract
45
Q

What is the “Fight or Flight” response?

A

Sympathetic

Need lots of O2 to go to muscles (not GI anymore)
Heart pumps fast and hard
Not digesting (need blood elsewhere)
Need fuel (not from GI so from lipolysis and gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)

46
Q

What are the reactions seen in a Sympathetic response?

A

Pupil dilates

Lens flattens (ciliary m. Relaxed)

Heart rate increased

Strength of contraction in heart increased

Blood vessels of Ms. dilated

Blood vessels of Gi tract constricted

Blood vessels of skin constricted

Bronchial smooth muscle dilate

Lung secretions decreased

Gi motility decreased

GI secretions decreased

Liver has increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Adipose tissue has increased lipolysis

47
Q

What will not change during a sympathetic response?

A

Blood supply to lungs, heart and brain

48
Q

What will always be on when parasympathetics are on?

A

Sympathetics

one is never not on, it is all a balancing act and we need both to work properly

49
Q

Parasympathetic:

many subunits does a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have? (1st synapse)
What are they coded for by?
What kind of receptor is it?

A

5 subunits

Each coded for a by a different gene

Ligand gated sodium channel —> causes a fast Epps in the post synaptic cell

50
Q

Parasympathetic:

How are the pre and post ganglionic axons characterized?

A

Pre = long axon

Post = short axon

51
Q

Does each neuron have many or just one varicosity?

A

Several varicosities for each neuron

52
Q

Where is M1 receptor found ?

What type is it?

A

Salivary gland and in stomach

Gq

53
Q

Where are M2 receptors found? What is it connected to?

What does it cause

A

Cardiac tissue
Gi
Decrease in camp, eventual increase in K conductance

54
Q

where is M3 found? What is it connected o? What does it do?

A

Many different tissues, including glandular tissue and binding of ACh

Gq

Increase in IP3, DAG, eventual increase in intracellular Ca levels

55
Q

Where are M4 receptors found? What are they connected to?

What do they do ?

A

As autoreceptors on neurons (controlling release of ACh)

Gi

Inhibit adenylate Cyclase

56
Q

Describe pre and post ganglionic fibers int he sympathetic system (long v. Short)?

A

Pre: short

Post: long

57
Q

Sympathetics:

What types of potentials can be produced?

A

Fast epsp = ACh

Slow ipsp = dopamine, interneurons

Slow epsp = ACh at m1

Late, slow epsp = GnRH

58
Q

Sympathetics:

What happens when ACh binds to the Nicotinic receptor on chromaffin cells?

A

Secrete
Epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine

All three bc they all come from tyrosine

59
Q

Why do we have multiple receptor types?

A

By having multiple receptors, we can use the same neurotransmitter to accomplish different things

60
Q

What does an increase in potassium conductance mean?

A

Means more potassium is moving

Potassium tends to leave cell if given chance
So an increase in potassium conductance = more potassium is leaving = cell becomes more negative = hyperpolarized = cell less excitable

61
Q

How does the radial muscle of the iris relax?

A

Only innervated by sympathetics!

So it relaxes and allows sphincter muscle to take over when the activity in the sympathetic neuron decreases

(Good example of balancing act b/w paras. And sympath.)

62
Q

Cell body of post ganglion axon is found in a ganglion located on target organ.

What receptor type is found on the cell body of this neuron within the ganglion?

A

On target organ = paras.

In ganglion: nicotinic cholinergic

In target tissue = muscarinic cholinergic

63
Q

Activation of which receptor type will cause an increase in the inotropic state of the heart?

A

Inotropic state: contractility of heart

(Increased contractility —> increased stroke vol.)

Cardiac myocytes = beta adrenergic (mostly beta-1)

64
Q

What neurotransmitter receptor is found on the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland? What binds here?

A

Nicotinic cholinergic

ACh

65
Q

Activation of which receptor type will most likely directly causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle?

A

Beta-adrenergic

*remember rule of thumb, beta relax, alpha constrict

neuro (18 decks)

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