extra patho questions Flashcards
These are NOT a part of the past exams (side effect= feeling stressed that you forgot everything)
Which of these is NOT made by a cell during inflammation?
a. histamine
b. prostaglandins
c. cytokines
d. chemokines
e. kinins
e. kinins
produced in the liver and is located in the plasma
Which one does NOT increase vascular permeability?
a. histamine
b. leukotrienes
c. kinins
d. cytokines
d. cytokines
Which one of these does NOT mediate pain?
a. prostaglandins
b. bradykinin
c. histamine
c. histamine
Which of these plasma proteins is elevated in chronic inflammation?
a. albumin
b. gamma globulins
c. alpha 2 globulins
d. B and C
d. B and C
Which of these plasma proteins is elevated in acute inflammation?
a. albumin
b. gamma globulins
c. alpha 2 globulins
d. beta globulins
c. alpha 2 globulins
What happens to plasma level concentration of patients with cirrhosis?
a. high albumin
b. low albumin
c. high alpha 1 globulins
b. low albumin
What occurs to C reactive proteins when the body is under attack?
It increases
True/False: Exudates have low protein levels and a few cells
False, they have lots of protein and cells (can be purulent or serous exudate)
Which of the following is a FLASE statement about lipofuscin granules?
a. they’re made from fat and protein
b. they appear to be yellow or brown
c. they’re insoluble
d. they can be found in nephrotic tissue
d. they can be found in nephrotic tissue
What is a Haptoglobin protein? What does it do and why is it clinically helpful?
Haptoglobin is a protein that binds free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes. When its levels are reduced, it means that the RBC’s are getting destroyed (hemolysis)
(It also prevents iron-utilizing bacteria from benefiting from hemolysis)
What is multiple myeloma? Why does the disease occur?
it’s a systemic primary amyloidosis, where plasma cells in the bone marrow overproduce immunoglobulin light chains. Those excess light chains go into the blood, fold and become amyloids, and build up in tissues of various organs.
Describe the levels of Serum Amyloid A in a patient with arthritis
SAA levels would be high because he has chronic inflammation, his liver would produce more + Acute Phase Reactants as a response.
Which of these cells are the parenchymal cells of the liver?
a. Kupffer cells
b. Endothelial cells
c. Hepatocytes
d. Stellate cells
c. Hepatocytes
what triggers hepatocyte proliferation?
Cytokines and polypeptide growth factors
Describe the basic steps of scar formation
- Angiogenesis starts and new vessels are made
- Fibroblast synthesis is triggered by growth factors
- Fibroblasts are made from mesenchymal and stem cells
- They produce collagen (connective tissue to fill the empty space)
- The collagen is remodeled by metalloproteinases
Which of these speeds up wound healing?
a. early motion
b. ionizing radioation
c. UV rays
d. Gamma rays
c. UV rays
Who is most likely to develop ulcerations?
a. Malnutritioned patient
b. Atherosclerosis patient
b. Atherosclerosis patient
it occurs because of low blood supply
Where would a venus embolism most likely go?
a. kidney
b. brain
c. lungs
d. lower limbs
c. lungs
how can you tell the difference between a real and a fake thrombus?
the genuine one has an attachment point where it attaches to the blood vessels. The fake thrombus formed post mortem and is jelly-like.
How is a broken femur and thrombocytopenia related?
When long bones break, fat embolisms can form (the bone marrow goes into the blood) and the fat embolisms attract the platelets and cause thrombocytopenia
Which of these cannot be found inside a lipoprotein?
a. triglycerides
b. free cholesterol
c. cholesterol esters
b. free cholesterol
which of these does not have apolipoprotein E?
a. Chylomicrons
b. VLDL
c. LDL
d. HDL
c. LDL
Where are tuberous xanthoma nodules located?
a. under the eyes
b. on the tendons
c. on extensor joint surfaces
c. on extensor joint surfaces
Patients with eruptive xanthoma have elevated _ levels
a. Triglycerides
b. Plasma LDL cholesterol
a. Triglycerides
What are the types of shock?
SNACH
Septic, Neurogenic, Anaphylactic, Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic
which cancer is known to cause tunnel vision?
Pituitary adenoma
Where do gastrointestinal tumors likely metastasize?
into the liver via the venous system
Which cancer type is known to be aggressive and fast spreading
Sarcoma (malignant tumour of connective)
Burkitt’s lymphoma is due to what gene?
a. CD95
b. BCL2
c. APC
a. Translocation that activates BCL2 gene
RAS colon mutation is due to what DNA change?
Point mutation
Neuroblastoma is due to what DNA change?
Amplification
True/False: during liver proliferation, the nonparenchymal cells replicate, followed by parenchymal cell replication
False; parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) replicate first then are followed by nonparenchymal ( Kupffer cells, Endothelial cells, & Stellate cells)
What do you call it when pancreatic tissue is found in the GI tract?
a. teratoma
b. hamartoma
c. choristoma
c. choristoma
tissue at another site
A patient lived through a bomb attack. Which of these is he least likely to have?
a. chronic lymphocytic leukemia
b. acute lymphocytic leukemia
c. acute myeloid leukemia
a. chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Which of these causes Bloom’s syndrome?
a. Mutated BRCA1 and 2 genes
b. Mutated nucleotide excision repair pathway
c. Mutated DNA mismatch repair pathway
d. Defective helicase
d. Defective helicase
Which of these causes Xeroderma pigmentosum?
a. Mutated BRCA1 and 2 genes
b. Mutated nucleotide excision repair pathway
c. Mutated DNA mismatch repair pathway
d. Defective helicase
b. Mutated nucleotide excision repair pathway
Which of these causes Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer?
a. Mutated BRCA1 and 2 genes
b. Mutated nucleotide excision repair pathway
c. Mutated DNA mismatch repair pathway
d. Defective helicase
c. Mutated DNA mismatch repair pathway
Which of these causes breast cancer?
a. Mutated BRCA1 and 2 genes
b. Mutated nucleotide excision repair pathway
c. Mutated DNA mismatch repair pathway
d. Defective helicase
a. Mutated BRCA1 and 2 genes
Which of the following is a direct acting carcinogen?
a. polycyclic hydrocarbons
b. benzyl chloride
c. cigarettes
b. benzyl chloride
nitrogen mustard is also a direct carcinogen
Which of these are found at a higher frequency in the elderly?
a. Common Lymphocyte Progenitors (CLPs)
b. Mature T cells
c. Granulocyte Macrophage Progenitors (GMPs)
d. Mature B cells
c. Granulocyte Macrophage Progenitors (GMPs)
True/False: Systolic pressure tends to increase with age while diastolic pressure tends to decreases
true
What’s the function of Apo B-100?
Ligand for LDL receptor
What’s the function of Apo C2?
Activator of LDL
Which TWO of these does the lab measure in the lipid profile?
a. Apo A1
b. HDL
c. Apo B
d. Total cholestrol
e. TG
e. LDL
a. Apo A1
&
c. Apo B
Patients with Corneal Arcutus Lipidus and Xanthelasma both have high levels of
a. Triglycerides
b. Plasma LDL cholesterol
Plasma LDL cholesterol
What is Tangier disease?
a. A total lack of Apo B
b. A partial lack of Apo B
c. Low HDL concentrations
c. Low LCAT concentrations
c. Low HDL concentrations
AKA alphalipoproteinaemia (abnormal apo A)
Why do progeroid syndromes occur?
a. DNA damage occurs at a very high rate
b. DNA repair system response is low
b. DNA repair system response is low
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is caused by
a. Excess prelamin A
b. Prelamin A deficiency
c. Recessive mutant gene
d. helicase deficiency
b. Prelamin A deficiency
causing abnormal nuclear structure
Which of the following activates the M1 pathway of macrophages?
a. IL4
b. IFN-Y
c. TGF
d. TNF
b. IFN-Y
Which of the following activates the M2 macrophage pathway?
a. IL-13
b. IFN-Y
c. TGF
d. TNF
e. IL-4
f. a&e
g. c&d
f. a&e
Which of the following diseases has a granuloma that has asteroid bodies?
a. TB
b. Sarcoidosis
c. Crohn’s disease
b. Sarcoidosis
Which of the following diseases has a granuloma that has center necrosis?
a. TB
b. Sarcoidosis
c. Crohn’s disease
a. TB
What type of granuloma is associated with TB?
a. caseating
b. coagulative
c. liquefactive
a. caseating
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is characterized by
a. Hurthle dysplasia
b. Hurthle metaplasia
b. Hurthle metaplasia
In which of these are you most likely to find metastasis?
a. spleen
b. liver
c. skeletal muscles
d. heart
b. liver
the rest are resistant to metastasis
Which of the following increases calcium levels
a. Calcitonin
b. Hypoparathyroidism
c. Milk-alkali syndrome
c. Milk-alkali syndrome
Which of the following causes the yellow color seen in jaundice?
a. melanin
b. myoglobin
c. bilirubin
d. hematin
c. bilirubin
Which of the following is correct?
a. light-skinned people have fewer melanocytes
b. dark-skinned people have more melanocyte concentrations
c. melanocytes are less activate in light-skinned people
c. melanocytes are less activate in light-skinned people
Which of the following does NOT cause generalized hyperpigmentation?
a. addison’s disease
b. hemochromatosis
c. hypothyroidism
d. thyrotoxicosis
c. hypothyroidism
all the rest cause hyperpigmentation
Which of the following is most commonly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma?
a. asteroid bodies
b. psammoma bodies
c. schaumann bodies
b. psammoma bodies
Describe a patient with marasmus?
a. enlarged and fatty liver
b. somatic protein compartment is depleted
c. ascites is present
b. somatic protein compartment is depleted
In which of the following does the head appear enlarged in comparison to the body?
a. marasmus
b. kwashiorkor
a. marasmus
Which of these is not affected by vitamin A deficiency?
a. eyes
b. kidneys
c. liver
d. lungs
c. liver
Which of these is not related to a vitamin A deficiency?
a. pulmonary infections
b. bladder stones
c. blindness
d. cirrhosis
d. cirrhosis
Which of the following causes a vitamin B12 deficiency?
a. pernicious anemia
b. megaloblastic anemia
c. both
a. pernicious anemia
megaloblastic anemia is caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency, not the other way around (be careful!)
Which of these is water soluble?
a. retinol
b. vitamin B12
c. vitamin D
b. vitamin B12
vitamin C is also water soluble
7-dehydrocholesterol is a precursor of
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin D
e. Cholesterol
d. Vitamin D
a 27-year-old computer programmer breaks several bones a year and has extremely low vitamin D, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
a. rickets
b. osteomalacia
b. osteomalacia
programmer = limited sunlight
low Vit. D= unmineralized bone
rickets= for kids
Which is true?
a. as PTH hormone increases, calcium decreases
b. as PTH hormone increases, calcium increases
c. as calcitonin increases, calcium increases
b. PTH hormone increases, calcium increases
A deficiency in which of these leads to inadequate osteoid synthesis?
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin D
e. Cholesterol
c. Vitamin C
Which of the following describes leptin levels of obese people
a. leptin levels too low
b. leptin receptors too sensitive
c. leptin levels desensitized
c. leptin levels desensitized
high leptin
Which of the following regulates appetite and satiety?
a. central hypothalamic system
b. afferent system
c. efferent system
b. afferent system
Which of the following regulates energy balance?
a. central hypothalamic system
b. afferent system
c. efferent system
c. efferent system
Which of these stimulates appetite?
a. leptin
b. peptide YY
c. ghrelin
c. ghrelin
the rest are satiety signals
What occurs when leptin levels fall?
a. appetite stimulated and energy is conserved
b. appetite reduced and energy is burned
c. satiety signals increase
a. appetite stimulated and energy is conserved
Which of the following has the lowest concentration of intracellular calcium?
a. ER
b. Cytosol
c. Mitochondria
b. Cytosol
the mitochondria has the highest concentration
Which of these is associated with hypercalcemia?
a. osteoplastic metastasis
b. sarcoidosis
c. hypoalbuminemia
b. sarcoidosis
causes vitamin D sensativity
whats the precursor to bone?
osteoid (its calcified to form bone)
Which of the following lays down osteoid?
a. osteoclasts
b. osteoblasts
c. chondroblasts
b. osteoblasts
Which of the following requires more osteoclasts (for bone resorption?)
a. fracture bone ends freely moving
b. comminuted fracture
c. Interposition of soft tissue between the fracture
d. poor blood supply
e. vitamin C deficiency
b. comminuted fracture
which two of these may cause nonunion of the bone?
a. fracture bone ends freely moving
b. comminuted fracture
c. Interposition of soft tissue between the fracture
d. poor blood supply
e. vitamin C deficiency
a. fracture bone ends freely moving (non/delayed union)
c. Interposition of soft tissue between the fracture
how is mRNA processed?
a. RNE polymerase translocates
b. CAP and poly-A tail are added
c. It’s folded
b. CAP and poly-A tail are added
At what stage is the protein folded?
a. transcription
b. processing
c. translation
c. translation
T/F: all genetic disorders are hereditary
false; hereditary disorders occur in germ cells, while genetic disorders can occur in somatic cells
in sickle cell disease, a point mutation causes glutamine to change into
a. valine
b. proline
c. serine
a. valine
whole chromosome loss is called
aneuploidy
Why is the BCR-ABL gene in the Philadelphia chromosome associated with CML?
a. it makes the GF receptor sensitive
b. it generates GF’s
c. it generates signals that mimic GF receptor activation
c. it generates signals that mimic GF receptor activation
What most accurately describes necrosis?
a. the cytoplasm shrinks
b. the cytoplasm swells
c. usually occurs in individual cells, not in groups
d. does not cause inflammation
b. the cytoplasm swells
Which of the following causes cytochrome C to leave the mitochondria, possibly leading to apoptosis?
a. Caspases
b. Growth factors
c. Bcl-2 protein
d. Bax/bak channel
d. Bax/bak channel
Which of the following causes lipid deposition in the cells?
a. nuclear chromatin clumping
b. influx of calcium
c. reduced PH of cell
d. decreased protein synthesis
d. decreased protein synthesis
the proteins are used to escort lipids out of the cells, so without them, the lipid builds up
Which of the following is FLASE about ROS induced cell injury?
a. promotes double bond formation of lipid membrane
b. promotes disulfide-mediated protein cross-linking
c. it reacts with the thymine in DNA
b. promotes disulfide-mediated protein cross-linking
should be sulfhydryl-mediated
Where does glycogen NOT accumulate?
a. skeletal muscle
b. pancreas
c. cardiac muscle
d. kidney
a. skeletal muscle
What is gangrenous necrosis?
coagulative necrosis and a bacterial infection
Which of the following causes exudate production?
a. kidney diseases
b. liver failure
c. bacterial infection
c. bacterial infection
a and b are for transudate
high immunoglobulin levels indicate
a. monocolonal gammopathy
b. hypogammaglobulinemia
a. monocolonal gammopathy
Which of the following can increase albumin levels?
a. dehydration
b. dilution
c. Increased catabolism
a. dehydration
Which of the following does NOT indicate low apha 1 antitrypsin?
a. cholestasis
b. cancer
c. cirrhosis
d. emphysema
b. cancer
How does vitamin D effect calcium levels?
a. decrease calcium resorbtion
b. breaks down bone to increase calcium levels
c. increases calcium absorbtion
c. increases calcium absorbtion
Which thrombus has lines of Zahn?
a. arterial
b. venous
a. arterial
Which of the following occur on the cornea of the eye?
a. keratomalacia
b. bitot spots
a. keratomalacia
what does transcoelomic spread of cancer mean?
a. spread via the blood
b. spread via the veins
c. spread via pleural space
d. spread directly from one cite to another
c. spread via pleural space
Which of these cells makes blocks the effect of anti-proteases?
a. neoplastic cell
b. stromal cell
a. neoplastic cell
Which of the following is most likely to occur to a person who’s exposed to asbestos?
a. lung cancer
b. malignant mesothelioma
c. transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
b. malignant mesothelioma
a= smokers
c= rubber/dye industry
familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is due to what gene?
a. CD95
b. BCL2
c. APC
d. BRCA2
c. APC gene
(APC= adenomatous polyposis coli gene
FAP causes extra tissue (polyps) to form in your large intestine and rectum which develop into cancer)
hepatocellular carcinoma is due to what gene?
a. CD95
b. BCL2
c. APC
a. CD95
the gene is reduced
during septic shock, the LPS bind to ____ molecules on leukocytes
CD14
What occurs at moderate doses of LPS?
a. acute inflammatory response
b. systemic effects and fever
c. endothelial injury, coagulation cascade, and septic shock or hypoperfusion
b. systemic effects and fever
acute renal failure causes
a. metabolic acidosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. respiratory acidosis
a. metabolic acidosis
Which of the following regulates epigenes post-transcriptionally?
a. methylation
b. non-coding RNA
c. acetylation
b. non-coding RNA
protein phosphorylation too
Which of the following non-coding RNA’s stop translation?
a. miRNA
b. ncRNA
a. miRNA
b= regulate transcription & post-transcription
which of the following is FALSE about chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?
a. can be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors
b. myeloid progenitor cells are signal independent
c. BCR-ABL fusion protein makes signals that mimic GF’s
b. myeloid progenitor cells are signal independent
they are dependent on growth factor signals
Why does type 2 diabetes mellitus occur?
a. the body does into an anabolic state
b. cytokine production becomes very low
c. the insulin receptors are not activated as much
c. the insulin receptors are not activated as much
reduced phosphorylation-dependent activation
How can a cell recover when under ER stress?
a. produce more protein
b. produce more chaperones
c. produce more prions
b. produce more chaperones
Which of the following does a high level of alpha-fetoprotein in an adult indicate?
a. down’s syndrome
b. hepatoma
c. wilson’s disease
d. impaired kidney function
b. hepatoma
Which of the following is a transport protein of vitamin A?
a. Albumin
b. Prealbumin
c. Ceruloplasmin
d. Microglobulin
b. Prealbumin
aka- transthyretin
Patient comes in with high beta-2-microglobulin serum levels, what is this indicative of?
a. down’s syndrome
b. hepatoma
c. wilson’s disease
d. impaired kidney function
d. impaired kidney function
Which of the following is a nonspecific indicator of disease?
a. Albumin
b. Elevated CSF protein
c. Ceruloplasmin
d. Microglobulin
b. Elevated CSF protein
Which of the following is a tumor marker of multiple myeloma, leukemia, and lymphomas?
a. Albumin
b. Elevated CSF protein
c. Ceruloplasmin
d. Microglobulin
d. Microglobulin
Which of the following makes an incisional hernia more likely?
a. hyperproteinemia
b. metalloproteinase deficiency
c. vitamin D deficiency
d. zinc deficiency
d. zinc deficiency
(protein, zinc, & vitamin C are all important for collagen synthesis. If collagen production is low, a hernia occurs because of weak scar formation)
Which of the following may lead to keloid formation?
a. hyperproteinemia
b. metalloproteinase deficiency
c. vitamin D deficiency
d. zinc deficiency
b. metalloproteinase deficiency
that protein clears out extra collagen
which of the following lead to neurological defects?
a. alphalipoproteinaemia
b. betalipoproteinaemia
c. LCAT deficiency
b. abetalipoproteinemia
Apo B absence leads to a decrease of fat-soluble vitamins and that leads to neurological defects
Which of the following have high LDL?
a. Xanthelasma
b. Xanthoma
a. Xanthelasma
b= high triglycerides
What causes ARDS?
a. shock
b. pneumonia
c. pulmonary infection
d. oxygen toxicity
e. toxins
d. corporal pumps
all of the above
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation and what can cause it?
it’s the activation of the coagulation system which forms clots throughout the body. the main cause is sepsis (high dose of LPS)
Which of the following does a patient with Addison’s disease have?
a. hypokalemia
b. hyperkalemia
b. hyperkalemia
Addison’s causes low steroid hormones, steroids are inversely proportional to potassium
Which of the following is the result of secondary hyperaldesterinism?
a. hypovolemia
b. hypervolemia
b. hypervolemia
aldosterone is important for sodium conservation, so Na and water are resorbed
Which of the following is describes hyperchloraemic acidosis?
a. has a high anion gap
b. has a low anion gap
c. CO2 compensates the bicarbonate loss
d. chloride compensates the bicarbonate loss
d. chloride compensates the bicarbonate loss
it has a normal anion gap
Which best describes Li-Fraumeni syndrome
a. RAS mutation
b. p53 mutation
b. p53 mutation
it’s inherited and leads to cancer
Which of the following degrades the ECM to allow cancer metastasis?
a. Urase
b. Nitrogen oxide
c. Metalloproteinases
c. Metalloproteinases
Which of the following occurs as a result of Bence Jones protein accumulation?
a. familial amyloid polyneuropathies
b. senile systemic amyloidosis
c. primary systemic amyloidosis
d. secondary systemic amyloidosis
c. primary systemic amyloidosis
Bence Jones protein = immunoglobulin light chain
Which of the following occurs as a result of transthyretin (TTR) mutation?
a. familial amyloid polyneuropathies
b. senile systemic amyloidosis
c. hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis
d. secondary systemic amyloidosis
a. familial amyloid polyneuropathies
b= structurally normal TTR is deposited
Which of the following occurs as a result of structurally normal transthyretin (TTR) accumulation?
a. familial amyloid polyneuropathies
b. senile systemic amyloidosis
c. hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis
d. secondary systemic amyloidosis
b. senile systemic amyloidosis
Which of the following occurs as a result of beta 2 microglobulin accumulation?
a. familial amyloid polyneuropathies
b. senile systemic amyloidosis
c. hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis
d. secondary systemic amyloidosis
c. hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis
which of the following commonly affects the heart?
a. familial amyloid polyneuropathies
b. senile systemic amyloidosis
b. senile systemic amyloidosis
a= CNS
Chronic exposure to increased systolic pressure leads to
a. right atrial hypotrophy
b. left atrial hypertrophy
c. right ventricular hypotrophy
d. left ventricular hypertrophy
d. left ventricular hypertrophy
The mutation causing Werner’s syndrome leads to
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is caused by
a. Excess prelamin A
b. Prelamin A deficiency
c. Recessive mutant gene
d. helicase deficiency
d. helicase deficiency
effects DNA repair
What are sirtuins?
modulate pathways that are anti-aging (ex/ stimulate protein folding & increase metabolic activity)
Which of the following pigments is hemoglobin derived?
a. myoglobin
b. lipofuscin
c. hemosiderin
d. neuromelanin
c. hemosiderin
bilirubin is also hemoglobin derived
Which of the following pigments is catecholamine derived?
a. myoglobin
b. lipofuscin
c. hemosiderin
d. neuromelanin
d. neuromelanin
What is hemochromatosis?
a. too much melanin builds up
b. too much iron builds up
c. too much calcium builds up
b. too much iron builds up
What is Addison’s disease?
a. ACTH precursor hormones low
b. ACTH precursor hormones high
c. ACTH precursor hormones block melanocyte stimulation
b. ACTH precursor hormones high
ACTH precursors stimulate melanocytes
A deficiency in which vitamin is associated with neurologic lesions?
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin D
b. Vitamin B12
