2017 patho Flashcards
Chromosomal translocation in t(9:22) is diagnostic of myeloid leukemia. What contributes to the pathogenesis of this disease?
A. Decreased expression of P53
B. Increased activity of tumor suppressors
C. Increased activity of tyrosine kinase
C. Increased activity of tyrosine kinase
Which of the following is an important mediator of vasodilation? A. Chemokines B. Complements C. Tumor necrosis factor D. Platelet-activating factor
D. Platelet-activating factor
What is the TNM system used for? A. Tumor classification B. Tumor staging C. Grading of tumor D. Predicting metastatic potential
B. Tumor staging
What is an abscess?
A. Loss of surface epithelium
B. Abnormal communication between two organs
C. Cavity filled with necrotic cell debris
D. Cyst with serous fluid
C. Cavity filled with necrotic cell debris
A 4-year-old underweight child shows edema in lower extremities and enlarged abdomen with palpable fluid levels. What nutritional problem is most likely present in the child? A. Kwashiorkor B. Marasmus C. Vitamin A toxicity D. Scurvy
A. Kwashiorkor
What is the equation used to calculate for osmolality? A. 2 × [K+] + [urea] + [glucose] B. 2 × [Na+] + [urea] + [glucose] C. 2 × [glucose] + [urea] + [Na+] D. 2 × [Cl-] + [HCO3-] + [glucose]
B. 2 × [Na+] + [urea] + [glucose]
Calculate the anion gap Na+ = 138 Cl- = 99 HCO3- = 15 A. 4 B. 12 C. 24 D. 30
C. 24
Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-) = anion gap
normal range (8-16 mmol/L)
A tumor is removed from the ovary of a 15-year-old girl. It contains hair, teeh, skin, and cartilage. What type of tumor is this? A. Mature teratoma B. Hamartoma C. Choristoma D. Chronic osteomyelitis
A. Mature teratoma
• pH: 7.55 (7.35-7.45) • pCO2: 52 mmHg (80-100) • HCO3-: 40 mmol/L (22-26) What is the acid-base disorder this man is suffering from? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
What would happen if you administer a hypertonic solution to increase plasma osmolarity? A. Decreased ADH release B. Decrease renal reabsorption of water C. Decreased plasma osmolarity D. Increased ADH release
D. Increased ADH release
A boy had a mutation in the CFTR gene, resulting in abnormal chloride conductance on the apical membrane of the epithelial cell. This defection ion transport leads to defective mucociliary clearance, causing mucus obstruction. After several years, he has acquired numerous bacterial infections and has clogged airways due to the thick mucus. He had to go on treatment. The above scenario is an example of which concept? A. Pathogenesis B. Genetic derangement C. Complications D. Etiology
A. Pathogenesis
Immune granuloma is characterized by epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and central caseating necrosis. Which of the following is characterized by this type of granuloma? A. Leprosy B. Tuberculosis C. Sarcoidosis D. Crohn’s disease
B. Tuberculosis
What is necessary in order to describe malignancy? A. Metastasis B. Dysplasia C. Metaplasia D. Hypertrophy
A. Metastasis
What will happen to the uterus of a woman during puberty or pregnancy? A. Neoplasia B. Hyperplasia C. Metaplasia D. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
The respiratory epithelium of a heavy smoker transformed into robust stratified squamous epithelium. What is this process known as? A. Dysplasia B. Hypertrophy C. Metaplasia D. Neoplasia
C. Metaplasia
A 40-year-old man died of a heart attack. Upon autopsy examination, necrotic tissue was found on the heart. What describes this type of necrosis? A. Caseous B. Liquefactive C. Fat D. Coagulative
D. Coagulative
A woman presents with soap formation on the pancreas, resulting in cell death. What kind of necrosis represent the above scenario? A. Caseous B. Fat C. Gangrenous D. Liquefactive
B. Fat
Which of the following is released by T-lymphocytes to activate macrophages by the classical pathway? A. IL-4 B. IL-13 C. IFN-gamma D. TNF-alpha
C. IFN-gamma
After damage to the liver had occurred, the proliferation of the residual cells and maturation of stem cells took place to replace the damaged tissue. What is this process called? A. Fibrosis B. Regeneration C. Granuloma formation D. Granulation tissue formation
B. Regeneration
After damage to the liver had occurred, the proliferation of the residual cells and maturation of stem cells took place to replace the damaged tissue. What is this process called? A. Fibrosis B. Regeneration C. Granuloma formation D. Granulation tissue formation
B. Regeneration
Which of the following forms the major component of the connective tissue during scar formation? A. Proteoglycans B. Glycoproteins C. Type I collagen D. Type III collagen
C. Type I collagen
Which of the following accelerates wound healing? A. Malnutrition B. Ionizing radiation C. Early motion D. UV ray exposure
D. UV ray exposure
A man suffered from a fracture of a long bone. Which is most likely the type of embolism that he may develop? A. Fat embolism B. Amniotic fluid embolism C. Gas embolism D. Venous embolism
A. Fat embolism
Which apolipoprotein is associated with low density lipoprotein? A. Apo. B-48 B. Apo. B-100 C. Apo. C-II D. Apo. E
B. Apo. B-100
Which hyperlipidemia is characterized by a broad beta band? A. Type I B. Type IIa C. Type III D. Type IV
C. Type III
How does cardiogenic shock result in low perfusion to tissues?
A. Decreased cardiac output
B. Endothelial injury
C. Peripheral vasodilation
A. Decreased cardiac output
What is the main reason of heterogeneity of tumor cells?
A. Genetic instability
B. Monoclonal proliferation
A. Genetic instability
Which of the following that, when mutated, will result in a cancer cell from overcoming the cell cycle checkpoints and growing uncontrollably? A. APC gene B. RAS gene C. P53 gene D. Beta-catenin gene
C. P53 gene
John suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, which eventually resulted in amyloid deposits within multiple organs. What is the most likely factor associated with this case? A. Acute phase reactant B. Plasma cell proliferation C. Endocrine tumor D. Mutant transthyretin gene
A. Acute phase reactant
A doctor diagnoses a patient as having systemic amyloidosis. Which of the following is most likely to result?
A. Hepatomegaly
B. Renal failure
C. Cardiac atrophy
B. Renal failure
A 10-year-old boy has premature aging due to a mutant gene of prelamin A. What is this genetic disease known as?
A. Progeroid syndrome
B. Werner syndrome
A. Progeroid syndrome
Granuloma formation in sarcoidosis is most likely due to which of the following? A. Increased ingestion of calcium B. Vitamin D sensitive state C. Decreased bone resorption D. Cellular destruction
B. Vitamin D sensitive state
Which of the following is an example of focal hyperpigmentation? A. Addison’s disease B. Hemochromatosis C. Melanoma D. Vitiligo
C. Melanoma
